butanol

CAS# 71-36-3

butanol

Catalog No. BCN4976----Order now to get a substantial discount!

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Quality Control of butanol

Number of papers citing our products

Chemical structure

butanol

3D structure

Chemical Properties of butanol

Cas No. 71-36-3 SDF Download SDF
PubChem ID 263 Appearance Oil
Formula C4H10O M.Wt 74.12
Type of Compound Miscellaneous Storage Desiccate at -20°C
Synonyms 1-butanol;Butan-1-ol;n-butanol;Tyrosol
Solubility Soluble in Chloroform,Dichloromethane,Ethyl Acetate,DMSO,Acetone,etc.
Chemical Name butan-1-ol
SMILES CCCCO
Standard InChIKey LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Standard InChI InChI=1S/C4H10O/c1-2-3-4-5/h5H,2-4H2,1H3
General tips For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months.
We recommend that you prepare and use the solution on the same day. However, if the test schedule requires, the stock solutions can be prepared in advance, and the stock solution must be sealed and stored below -20℃. In general, the stock solution can be kept for several months.
Before use, we recommend that you leave the vial at room temperature for at least an hour before opening it.
About Packaging 1. The packaging of the product may be reversed during transportation, cause the high purity compounds to adhere to the neck or cap of the vial.Take the vail out of its packaging and shake gently until the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial.
2. For liquid products, please centrifuge at 500xg to gather the liquid to the bottom of the vial.
3. Try to avoid loss or contamination during the experiment.
Shipping Condition Packaging according to customer requirements(5mg, 10mg, 20mg and more). Ship via FedEx, DHL, UPS, EMS or other couriers with RT, or blue ice upon request.

Source of butanol

The heart wood of Pinus yunnanensis

Biological Activity of butanol

DescriptionTyrosol is a potential hypo-pigmenting agent, it has neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemia, and anti-allergic inflammatory effects. Tyrosol has cytoprotective effect in I/R-caused myocyte mortality was involved with the mitigation of ROS, prohibition of the activation of ERK, JNK and caspase-8, and elevation of Hsp70 and Bcl-2/Bax ratio.Tyrosol is a quorum-sensing molecule in Candida albicans, it has important implications on the dynamics of growth and morphogenesis in Candida.
TargetsPI3K | Akt | SOD | IkB | NF-kB | Beta Amyloid | Antifection | IKK
In vitro

Synergistic effect of amphotericin B and tyrosol on biofilm formed by Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis from intrauterine device users.[Pubmed: 25202127]

Med Mycol. 2014 Nov;52(8):853-61.

The presence of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) provides a solid surface for attachment of microorganisms and an ideal niche for the biofilm to form and flourish. Vaginal candidiasis is often associated with the use of IUDs. Treatment of vaginal candidiasis that develops in connection with IUD use requires their immediate removal.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Here, we present in vitro evidence to support the use of combination therapy to inhibit Candida biofilm. Twenty-three clinical Candida isolates (10 C. krusei and 13 C. tropicalis) recovered from endocervical swabs obtained from IUD and non-IUD users were assessed for biofilm-formation ability. The rate of isolation of Candida did not differ significantly among IUD and non-IUD users (P = 0.183), but the biofilm-formation ability of isolates differed significantly (P = 0.02). An in vitro biofilm model with the obtained isolates was subjected to treatment with amphotericin B, Tyrosol, and a combination of amphotericin B and Tyrosol. Inhibition of biofilm by amphotericin B or Tyrosol was found to be concentration dependent, with 50% reduction (P < 0.05) at 4 mg/l and 80 μM, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS:
Hence, a combination effect of Tyrosol and amphotericin B was studied. Interestingly, approximately 90% reduction in biofilm was observed with use of 80 μM Tyrosol combined with 4 mg/l amphotericin B (P < 0.001). This represents a first step in establishing an appropriate antibiofilm therapy when yeasts are present.

Tyrosol is a quorum-sensing molecule in Candida albicans.[Pubmed: 15051880 ]

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 6;101(14):5048-52.

The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans shows a significant lag in growth when diluted into fresh minimal medium.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
This lag is abolished by the addition of conditioned medium from a high-density culture. The active component of conditioned medium is Tyrosol, which is released into the medium continuously during growth. Under conditions permissive for germ-tube formation, Tyrosol stimulates the formation of these filamentous protrusions. Because germ-tube formation is inhibited by farnesol, another quorum-sensing molecule, this process must be under complex positive and negative control by environmental conditions.
CONCLUSIONS:
The identification of Tyrosol as an autoregulatory molecule has important implications on the dynamics of growth and morphogenesis in Candida.

In vivo

Tyrosol Suppresses Allergic Inflammation by Inhibiting the Activation of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase in Mast Cells.[Pubmed: 26068872]

PLoS One. 2015 Jun 11;10(6):e0129829.

Allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, rhinitis, asthma, and anaphylaxis are attractive research areas. Tyrosol (2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol) is a polyphenolic compound with diverse biological activities.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In this study, we investigated whether Tyrosol has anti-allergic inflammatory effects. Ovalbumin-induced active systemic anaphylaxis and immunoglobulin E-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis models were used for the immediate-type allergic responses. Oral administration of Tyrosol reduced the allergic symptoms of hypothermia and pigmentation in both animal models. Mast cells that secrete allergic mediators are key regulators on allergic inflammation. Tyrosol dose-dependently decreased mast cell degranulation and expression of inflammatory cytokines. Intracellular calcium levels and activation of inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) regulate cytokine expression and degranulation. Tyrosol blocked calcium influx and phosphorylation of the IKK complex. To define the molecular target for Tyrosol, various signaling proteins involved in mast cell activation such as Lyn, Syk, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and Akt were examined. Our results showed that PI3K could be a molecular target for Tyrosol in mast cells.
CONCLUSIONS:
Taken together, these findings indicated that Tyrosol has anti-allergic inflammatory effects by inhibiting the degranulation of mast cells and expression of inflammatory cytokines; these effects are mediated via PI3K. Therefore, we expect Tyrosol become a potential therapeutic candidate for allergic inflammatory disorders.

Protocol of butanol

Kinase Assay

Tyrosol exerts a protective effect against dopaminergic neuronal cell death in in vitro model of Parkinson's disease.[Pubmed: 23790897]

Tyrosol and its analogues inhibit alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone induced melanogenesis.[Pubmed: 24287915]

Int J Mol Sci. 2013 Nov 28;14(12):23420-40.

Tyrosol and its glycoside, salidroside, are active components of Rhodiola rosea, and in our preliminary study we found that Rhodiola rosea extract inhibited melanogenesis. In this study, we examined the effects of Tyrosol and its analogues on melanin synthesis.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
We found that treatment of B16F0 cells to Tyrosol (1), 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (5), 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (6), 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (7), or salidroside (11) resulted in a reduction in melanin content and inhibition of tyrosinase activity as well as its expression. Tyrosol (1), 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (5) and 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (7) suppressed MC1R expression. Tyrosol (1), 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (5), 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (6), and 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (7) inhibited α-MSH induced TRP-1 expression, but salidroside (11) did not. All the compounds did not affect MITF and TRP-2 expression. Furthermore, we found that the cell viability of Tyrosol (1), 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (5), 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (6), and 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (7) at concentrations below 4 mM and salidroside (11) at concentrations below 0.5 mM were higher than 90%. The compounds exhibited metal-coordinating interactions with copper ion in molecular docking with tyrosinase.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our results suggest that Tyrosol, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and salidroside are potential hypopigmenting agents.

Food Chem. 2013 Nov 15;141(2):1147-57.

Experimental evidence suggests that Tyrosol [2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol] exhibits potent protective activities against several pathogeneses.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of Tyrosol against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced CATH.a neuron cell death. Tyrosol dose-dependently protected CATH.a cells from MPP(+)-induced cell death and the protection was more apparent after prolong incubation (48h). The data showed that Tyrosol treatment suppressed the reduction of phospho-tyrosine hydroxylase level in CATH.a cells. Further, the compound repressed MPP(+)-induced depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and thereby maintained intracellular ATP production in the cell. The cellular signalling pathway studies revealed that Tyrosol protected CATH.a cells from MPP(+)-induced apoptotic signalling, most likely via activation of PI3K/Akt signalling pathway along with up-regulation of anti-oxidative enzymes (SOD-1 and SOD-2) and DJ-1 protein in the cell.
CONCLUSIONS:
Collectively, present study demonstrates that Tyrosol significantly protects dopaminergic neurons from MPP(+)-induced degradation, and reveals potential neuroprotective mechanism of Tyrosol.

Cell Research

Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, two main components of olive oil, protect N2a cells against amyloid-β-induced toxicity. Involvement of the NF-κB signaling.[Pubmed: 21605049]

Curr Alzheimer Res. 2011 Aug;8(5):543-51.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Recently, a number of epidemiological studies have evidence that some dietary factors such as low antioxidants and vitamins intake could increase the risk of AD. In the opposite, diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids, in polyphenols, vitamins and antioxidants were identified as preventive factors. Several studies have reported that adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) was associated with a reduction in incident of dementia. The beneficial effect of MeDi may be the result of the association of some individual and non-identified food components and high consumption of olive oil.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In this study we have investigated the protective effects of two components of olive oil, Tyrosol (Tyr) and hydroxyTyrosol (OH-Tyr), against Aβ-induced toxicity. In cultured neuroblastoma N2a cells, we found that Aβ(25-35) (100 µg/ml) treatment induced a decrease of glutathione (GSH) and the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB and cell death. Our results demonstrated that the number of cell death decreased when cells were co-treated with Aβ and Tyr or OH-Tyr. However, neither of these phenolic compounds was able to prevent the decrease of GSH induced by H(2)O(2) or Aβ. We found that the increase in the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunits after Aβ exposure was attenuated in the presence of Tyr or OH-Tyr.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results identified two individual food components of the MeDi as neuroprotective agent against Aβ and their potential involvement in the beneficial effect of the MeDi for the prevention of AD.

Animal Research

Tyrosol, a phenolic compound, ameliorates hyperglycemia by regulating key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.[Pubmed: 25641191]

Chem Biol Interact. 2015 Mar 5;229:44-54.

The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of Tyrosol, a phenolic compound, on the activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in the control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Diabetes mellitus was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg body weight). Experimental rats were administered Tyrosol 1 ml intra gastrically at the doses of 5, 10 and 20mg/kg body weight and glibenclamide 1 ml at a dose of 600 μg/kg body weight once a day for 45 days. At the end of the experimental period, diabetic control rats exhibited significant (p<0.05) increase in plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin with significant (p<0.05) decrease in plasma insulin, total hemoglobin and body weight. The activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase were significantly (p<0.05) increased and the activities of hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in the liver and kidney of diabetic control rats. Further, antioxidants were lowered in diabetic control rats. A significant (p<0.05) decline in glycogen level in the liver and muscle and glycogen synthase activity in the liver and a significant (p<0.05) increase in the activity of liver glycogen phosphorylase were observed in diabetic control rats compared to normal control rats. Oral administration of Tyrosol to diabetic rats reversed all the above mentioned biochemical parameters to near normal in a dose dependent manner. Tyrosol at a dose of 20mg/kg body weight showed the highest significant effect than the other two doses. Immunohistochemical staining of pancreas revealed that Tyrosol treated diabetic rats showed increased insulin immunoreactive β-cells, which confirmed the biochemical findings. The observed results were compared with glibenclamide, a standard oral hypoglycemic drug.
CONCLUSIONS:
The results of the present study suggest that Tyrosol decreases hyperglycemia, by its antioxidant effect.

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Preparing Stock Solutions of butanol

1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 20 mg 25 mg
1 mM 13.4916 mL 67.4582 mL 134.9164 mL 269.8327 mL 337.2909 mL
5 mM 2.6983 mL 13.4916 mL 26.9833 mL 53.9665 mL 67.4582 mL
10 mM 1.3492 mL 6.7458 mL 13.4916 mL 26.9833 mL 33.7291 mL
50 mM 0.2698 mL 1.3492 mL 2.6983 mL 5.3967 mL 6.7458 mL
100 mM 0.1349 mL 0.6746 mL 1.3492 mL 2.6983 mL 3.3729 mL
* Note: If you are in the process of experiment, it's necessary to make the dilution ratios of the samples. The dilution data above is only for reference. Normally, it's can get a better solubility within lower of Concentrations.

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References on butanol

Tyrosol, a phenolic compound, ameliorates hyperglycemia by regulating key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.[Pubmed:25641191]

Chem Biol Interact. 2015 Mar 5;229:44-54.

The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of tyrosol, a phenolic compound, on the activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in the control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg body weight). Experimental rats were administered tyrosol 1 ml intra gastrically at the doses of 5, 10 and 20mg/kg body weight and glibenclamide 1 ml at a dose of 600 mug/kg body weight once a day for 45 days. At the end of the experimental period, diabetic control rats exhibited significant (p<0.05) increase in plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin with significant (p<0.05) decrease in plasma insulin, total hemoglobin and body weight. The activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase were significantly (p<0.05) increased and the activities of hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in the liver and kidney of diabetic control rats. Further, antioxidants were lowered in diabetic control rats. A significant (p<0.05) decline in glycogen level in the liver and muscle and glycogen synthase activity in the liver and a significant (p<0.05) increase in the activity of liver glycogen phosphorylase were observed in diabetic control rats compared to normal control rats. Oral administration of tyrosol to diabetic rats reversed all the above mentioned biochemical parameters to near normal in a dose dependent manner. Tyrosol at a dose of 20mg/kg body weight showed the highest significant effect than the other two doses. Immunohistochemical staining of pancreas revealed that tyrosol treated diabetic rats showed increased insulin immunoreactive beta-cells, which confirmed the biochemical findings. The observed results were compared with glibenclamide, a standard oral hypoglycemic drug. The results of the present study suggest that tyrosol decreases hyperglycemia, by its antioxidant effect.

Tyrosol Suppresses Allergic Inflammation by Inhibiting the Activation of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase in Mast Cells.[Pubmed:26068872]

PLoS One. 2015 Jun 11;10(6):e0129829.

Allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, rhinitis, asthma, and anaphylaxis are attractive research areas. Tyrosol (2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol) is a polyphenolic compound with diverse biological activities. In this study, we investigated whether tyrosol has anti-allergic inflammatory effects. Ovalbumin-induced active systemic anaphylaxis and immunoglobulin E-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis models were used for the immediate-type allergic responses. Oral administration of tyrosol reduced the allergic symptoms of hypothermia and pigmentation in both animal models. Mast cells that secrete allergic mediators are key regulators on allergic inflammation. Tyrosol dose-dependently decreased mast cell degranulation and expression of inflammatory cytokines. Intracellular calcium levels and activation of inhibitor of kappaB kinase (IKK) regulate cytokine expression and degranulation. Tyrosol blocked calcium influx and phosphorylation of the IKK complex. To define the molecular target for tyrosol, various signaling proteins involved in mast cell activation such as Lyn, Syk, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and Akt were examined. Our results showed that PI3K could be a molecular target for tyrosol in mast cells. Taken together, these findings indicated that tyrosol has anti-allergic inflammatory effects by inhibiting the degranulation of mast cells and expression of inflammatory cytokines; these effects are mediated via PI3K. Therefore, we expect tyrosol become a potential therapeutic candidate for allergic inflammatory disorders.

Tyrosol and its analogues inhibit alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone induced melanogenesis.[Pubmed:24287915]

Int J Mol Sci. 2013 Nov 28;14(12):23420-40.

Melanin is responsible for skin color and plays a major role in defending against harmful external factors such as ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Tyrosinase is responsible for the critical steps of melanogenesis, including the rate-limiting step of tyrosine hydroxylation. The mechanisms of action of skin hypopigmenting agents are thought to be based on the ability of a given agent to inhibit the activity of tyrosinase and, hence, down regulate melanin synthesis. Tyrosol and its glycoside, salidroside, are active components of Rhodiola rosea, and in our preliminary study we found that Rhodiola rosea extract inhibited melanogenesis. In this study, we examined the effects of tyrosol and its analogues on melanin synthesis. We found that treatment of B16F0 cells to tyrosol (1), 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (5), 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (6), 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (7), or salidroside (11) resulted in a reduction in melanin content and inhibition of tyrosinase activity as well as its expression. Tyrosol (1), 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (5) and 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (7) suppressed MC1R expression. Tyrosol (1), 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (5), 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (6), and 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (7) inhibited alpha-MSH induced TRP-1 expression, but salidroside (11) did not. All the compounds did not affect MITF and TRP-2 expression. Furthermore, we found that the cell viability of tyrosol (1), 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (5), 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (6), and 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (7) at concentrations below 4 mM and salidroside (11) at concentrations below 0.5 mM were higher than 90%. The compounds exhibited metal-coordinating interactions with copper ion in molecular docking with tyrosinase. Our results suggest that tyrosol, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and salidroside are potential hypopigmenting agents.

Tyrosol exerts a protective effect against dopaminergic neuronal cell death in in vitro model of Parkinson's disease.[Pubmed:23790897]

Food Chem. 2013 Nov 15;141(2):1147-57.

Experimental evidence suggests that tyrosol [2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol] exhibits potent protective activities against several pathogeneses. In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of tyrosol against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced CATH.a neuron cell death. Tyrosol dose-dependently protected CATH.a cells from MPP(+)-induced cell death and the protection was more apparent after prolong incubation (48h). The data showed that tyrosol treatment suppressed the reduction of phospho-tyrosine hydroxylase level in CATH.a cells. Further, the compound repressed MPP(+)-induced depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsim) and thereby maintained intracellular ATP production in the cell. The cellular signalling pathway studies revealed that tyrosol protected CATH.a cells from MPP(+)-induced apoptotic signalling, most likely via activation of PI3K/Akt signalling pathway along with up-regulation of anti-oxidative enzymes (SOD-1 and SOD-2) and DJ-1 protein in the cell. Collectively, present study demonstrates that tyrosol significantly protects dopaminergic neurons from MPP(+)-induced degradation, and reveals potential neuroprotective mechanism of tyrosol.

Synergistic effect of amphotericin B and tyrosol on biofilm formed by Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis from intrauterine device users.[Pubmed:25202127]

Med Mycol. 2014 Nov;52(8):853-61.

The presence of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) provides a solid surface for attachment of microorganisms and an ideal niche for the biofilm to form and flourish. Vaginal candidiasis is often associated with the use of IUDs. Treatment of vaginal candidiasis that develops in connection with IUD use requires their immediate removal. Here, we present in vitro evidence to support the use of combination therapy to inhibit Candida biofilm. Twenty-three clinical Candida isolates (10 C. krusei and 13 C. tropicalis) recovered from endocervical swabs obtained from IUD and non-IUD users were assessed for biofilm-formation ability. The rate of isolation of Candida did not differ significantly among IUD and non-IUD users (P = 0.183), but the biofilm-formation ability of isolates differed significantly (P = 0.02). An in vitro biofilm model with the obtained isolates was subjected to treatment with amphotericin B, tyrosol, and a combination of amphotericin B and tyrosol. Inhibition of biofilm by amphotericin B or tyrosol was found to be concentration dependent, with 50% reduction (P < 0.05) at 4 mg/l and 80 muM, respectively. Hence, a combination effect of tyrosol and amphotericin B was studied. Interestingly, approximately 90% reduction in biofilm was observed with use of 80 muM tyrosol combined with 4 mg/l amphotericin B (P < 0.001). This represents a first step in establishing an appropriate antibiofilm therapy when yeasts are present.

Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, two main components of olive oil, protect N2a cells against amyloid-beta-induced toxicity. Involvement of the NF-kappaB signaling.[Pubmed:21605049]

Curr Alzheimer Res. 2011 Aug;8(5):543-51.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Recently, a number of epidemiological studies have evidence that some dietary factors such as low antioxidants and vitamins intake could increase the risk of AD. In the opposite, diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids, in polyphenols, vitamins and antioxidants were identified as preventive factors. Several studies have reported that adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) was associated with a reduction in incident of dementia. The beneficial effect of MeDi may be the result of the association of some individual and non-identified food components and high consumption of olive oil. In this study we have investigated the protective effects of two components of olive oil, tyrosol (Tyr) and hydroxytyrosol (OH-Tyr), against Abeta-induced toxicity. In cultured neuroblastoma N2a cells, we found that Abeta(25-35) (100 microg/ml) treatment induced a decrease of glutathione (GSH) and the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB and cell death. Our results demonstrated that the number of cell death decreased when cells were co-treated with Abeta and Tyr or OH-Tyr. However, neither of these phenolic compounds was able to prevent the decrease of GSH induced by H(2)O(2) or Abeta. We found that the increase in the nuclear translocation of the NF-kappaB subunits after Abeta exposure was attenuated in the presence of Tyr or OH-Tyr. These results identified two individual food components of the MeDi as neuroprotective agent against Abeta and their potential involvement in the beneficial effect of the MeDi for the prevention of AD.

Tyrosol is a quorum-sensing molecule in Candida albicans.[Pubmed:15051880]

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 6;101(14):5048-52.

The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans shows a significant lag in growth when diluted into fresh minimal medium. This lag is abolished by the addition of conditioned medium from a high-density culture. The active component of conditioned medium is tyrosol, which is released into the medium continuously during growth. Under conditions permissive for germ-tube formation, tyrosol stimulates the formation of these filamentous protrusions. Because germ-tube formation is inhibited by farnesol, another quorum-sensing molecule, this process must be under complex positive and negative control by environmental conditions. The identification of tyrosol as an autoregulatory molecule has important implications on the dynamics of growth and morphogenesis in Candida.

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