Anthocyanins and their biosynthetic genes in three novel-colored Rosa rugosa cultivars and their parents.[Pubmed: 29957341]

The petals of Rosa rugosa are generally pink and purple, never yellow. Although new varieties of R. rugosa have been bred, no yellow variety has ever been obtained. Therefore, the use of roses in garden settings has been restricted. Three R. rugosa hybrid cultivars (R. rugosa 'Miaoyu', 'Rudiepianpian' and 'Jiaomeisanbian') were bred in our laboratory using wild R. rugosa 'Hunchun' as the female parent and Rosa xanthina as the male parent. The petals of these cultivars appear yellow, at least in part; thus, these cultivars represent the first R. rugosa with yellow flowers. To investigate the causes of this yellow petal color, the petals of these materials were studied at both the physiological and molecular levels. Anthocyanins are the most important chromogenic substances in plants. In this study, six types of anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy3G), cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside (Cy3G5G), pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside (Pg3G), pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pg3G5G), peonidin-3-O-glucoside (Pn3G) and peonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pn3G5G), were analyzed in the petals of the new R. rugosa cultivars and their parents. All of the above anthocyanins were found in the petals of 'Hunchun', and a small amount of Cy3G5G was present in 'Miaoyu' and 'Jiaomeisanbian', but no anthocyanins were found in R. xanthina or 'Rudiepianpian'. Moreover, the expression levels of seven structural genes (RrCHS, RrCHI, RrF3H, RrFLS, RrF3'H, RrDFR and RrANS) in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway were quantitatively analyzed via qRT-PCR. We concluded that RrFLS, RrDFR and RrF3'H are the key genes controlling petal color in these different rose varieties.

Invasive Rosa rugosa populations outperform native populations, but some populations have greater invasive potential than others.[Pubmed: 29636551]

Increased performance of invasive plant species in their introduced range vs. their native range has been previously documented. However, performance differences among invasive populations have rarely been explored, despite this information being central to understanding the evolution of invasiveness as well as being a useful basis to inform management of invasive species. To examine variation in performance among populations of Rosa rugosa in its introduced range, and whether introduced populations perform better than native populations, we quantified growth and reproductive traits in five invasive populations in northwest Europe and two native and declining populations in China. Overall, we found that the introduced R. rugosa populations we sampled performed significantly better than the sampled native populations for growth and reproductive traits (2 to 4 fold increase). However, there was significant variation for most traits among the five invasive populations, demonstrating that some introduced populations we sampled were more successful invaders than others. Our findings provide a useful foundation for management of invasive R. rugosa in Europe, and support the recent call for more intra-species research in invasive species biology.

Polyphenol-enriched extract of Rosa rugosa Thunb regulates lipid metabolism in diabetic rats by activation of AMPK pathway.[Pubmed: 29421579]

This study was designed to investigate the mechanism of polyphenol-enriched extract of Rosa rugosa Thunb (RPE) in the control of dyslipidemia in diabetic rats. RPE was tested at three dosages (37.5 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg) in the rat dyslipidemia model established with high fat diet feeding in combination with STZ injection (30 mg/kg). The RPE effect was evaluated after 4 weeks of treatment. In the RPE-treated rats, hepatic total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were significantly reduced, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and liver lipase (HL) were significantly increased. The levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) were decreased in the serum. Those effects of RPE were observed primarily at the mediate and high dosages. Expression of FGF21 was increased in the liver tissue and hepatic cell line 1c1c7 by RPE. The signals of p-AMPK, p-ACC, ACC, p-SIRT, and PGC-1α were significantly induced in the liver by RPE. The results suggest that RPE may improve hepatic steatosis and liver function by induction of AMPK signaling activity in the control of dyslipidemia.

UPLC-PDA-Q/TOF-MS Profile of Polyphenolic Compounds of Liqueurs from Rose Petals (Rosa rugosa).[Pubmed: 29077047]

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Characterization of key aroma compounds from different rose essential oils using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-olfactometry and partial least squares regression.[Pubmed: 29067827]

To characterise the key aroma compounds of rose essential oils, five samples (Rosa damascena essential oil, Rosa centifolia essential oil, Rosa alba essential oil, Rosa rugosa cv. 'Plena' essential oil, Rosa xanthina Lindl essential oil) were analysed by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). Thirty-nine aroma compounds were selected as key aroma compounds by GC-MS and GC-O. The aroma of rose essential oils was described by 10 sensory attributes such as honey, sweet, fermented, spicy, fruity, woody, floral, herbal, green and fresh. The partial least squares regression (PLSR) result showed the relationship between key aroma compound and characteristic aromas of rose essential oils. This paper provided a reference for the flavourists.

Characterization of carotenoids and vitamin E in R. rugosa and R. canina: Comparative analysis.[Pubmed: 29037711]

The hips of Rosa species have gained more attention in recent years due to their high contents of antioxidant compounds. This study was designed to compare rosehips of the two roses species Rosa rugosa and Rosa canina, including different products, on carotenoid contents, including phytoene and phytofluene, as well as vitamin E. The investigation allowed the identification and quantification of types of (Z)-isomers of lycopene and rubixanthin in both rosehips and focused also on isomerisation of both carotenoids. The carotenoid identification and quantification were done using HPLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS. The statistical analysis revealed significant differences (P<0.05) in carotenoid contents and (P<0.001) in vitamin E contents between different rosehips species. The HPLC analysis showed that carotenoid contents varied between rosehips species. The isomerisation of (all-E)-rubixanthin and (all-E)-lycopene using iodine-catalysed photoisomerisation showed that the (5'Z)-isomer gazaniaxanthin is the main (Z)-isomer of rubixanthin and the (13Z)-isomer is the main (Z)-isomer of lycopene.