Erucamide from Radish Leaves Has an Inhibitory Effect Against Acetylcholinesterase and Prevents Memory Deficit Induced by Trimethyltin.[Pubmed: 30110203]

In this study, we investigated a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that was isolated from radish leaf (Raphanus sativus L.) extracts. Through sequential fractionation of radish leaf extract, the active constituent was identified as cis-13-docosenamide (erucamide). To validate the potency, erucamide derived from radish leaves was supplemented in diets and then fed to trimethyltin (TMT)-exposed mice. Specifically, mice had free access to a control diet or diets containing different concentrations of erucamide for 3 weeks, followed by an injection of TMT (2.5 mg/kg body weight). Our results showed that pretreatment of mice with erucamide (20 and 40 mg/kg body weight per day) significantly attenuated the TMT-induced learning and memory deficits that were assessed by Y-maze and passive avoidance tests. These findings suggest that radish leaves, and possibly its isolated erucamide, may have preventive effects against memory deficits related to Alzheimer's disease by modulation of cholinergic functions.

The use of biological waste as a source of low-temperature heat for hotbeds in spring in north-eastern Poland.[Pubmed: 30077884]

This article proposes a method for using biological waste, including kitchen waste and garden waste, as a substrate for hotbeds. Hotbeds have been long used in home gardens, but most of them are supplied with animal manure, usually horse manure. In this study, the temperature of ambient air, soil temperature and temperature distribution in a hotbed and a cold frame were measured with a thermographic camera. The measurements were performed in three experimental treatments - one hotbed, one cold frame and in the garden. Each treatment was sown with radishes (Raphanus sativus). The experiment began on 7 April, and temperature was measured until the temperature of garden soil reached the temperature inside the hotbed and the cold frame. After the experiment, the hotbed was left in place until the end of August to complete the composting process and grow other plants. The amount of heat generated inside the hotbed during the experiment was calculated, and the thermal efficiency of the hotbed was compared with the maximum heat capacity of composting. During the experiment, the hotbed generated 98.7 MJ of heat, and its thermal efficiency reached 12% of maximum capacity. Radishes grown in the hotbed were harvested 5 days earlier than those grown in the cold frame and 12 days earlier than those grown in the garden treatment. The compost produced in the hotbed fully meets Polish Standards for organic fertilizers. The proposed solution minimizes the quantity of biological waste collected from households.

Black Radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger) Extract Mediates Its Hepatoprotective Effect on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatic Injury by Attenuating Oxidative Stress.[Pubmed: 30067118]

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Elucidating the Improvement in Vascular Endothelial Function from Sakurajima Daikon and Its Mechanism of Action: A Comparative Study with Raphanus sativus.[Pubmed: 30037222]

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Analysis of N-glycans from Raphanus sativus Cultivars Using PNGase H.[Pubmed: 29985337]

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Endophytic effects of Aspergillus oryzae on radish (Raphanus sativus) and its herbivore, Plutella xylostella.[Pubmed: 29948125]

We provide evidence that Aspergillus oryzae not only acts as an endophyte in Raphanus sativus, but also works as a plant growth promoter and provides some protection against its herbivore, Plutella xylostella affecting its feeding rate, mortality and fitness parameters, thereby contributing to the pest population suppression. Seed inoculation of radish seeds with the fungus Aspergillus oryzae allowed its establishment as an endophyte promoting plant growth and negatively affecting fitness parameters of its major herbivore, diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Endophytic fungi may contribute to the growth of their host plants and enhance resistance to herbivores and diseases. We evaluated the effect of A. oryzae (Ahlburg) E. Cohn as an endophyte in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) on growth and development of the plants themselves and their major herbivore, the diamondback moth P. xylostella (L). A. oryzae colonization rates in leaves were significantly higher than in roots and stems, with a rate of 80% in leaves, 40% in stems and 20% in roots 1 week after seed inoculation. Colonization gradually decreased in the various plant tissues, and disappeared completely in roots, stems and leaves within 2, 5 and 7 weeks, respectively. A. oryzae did not affect seed germination; however, it promoted radish growth with endophytic plants attaining average heights of 116 mm compared to 99.6 mm in the controls at the third week post-inoculation. The P. xylostella fitness parameters, consumption, larval and pupal weights, and feeding on the endophytic plants were significantly lower than the controls, while larval mortality was significantly higher. Larvae fed on endophytic plants consumed 0.46 mg less leaf matter in the first week post seed inoculation and weighed 0.83 mg less as mature 4th instars than controls. We have demonstrated that A. oryzae can establish as an endophyte in R. sativus through seed inoculation providing some plant growth promotion and protection against its herbivore by increasing its mortality and negatively affecting its fitness parameters, suggesting that adopting seed treatments with A. oryzae may be beneficial in the commercial cultivation of radish.

Effect of herbicides in the oxidative stress in crop winter species.[Pubmed: 29898110]

Most herbicides applied in crop field, stay in the soil for a period, affecting next crop or even the plants using as green manure. Nowadays, the use of herbicides grow to increase productivity, mainly in the grain producing region north of Rio Grande do Sul state. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of herbicides fomesafen and sulfentrazone on antioxidant system in Avena sativa1, Vicia sativa2, Raphanus sativus and Lupinus albus. The plants were exposed to varying concentrations of fomesafen3 (0, 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 kg ha -1) and sulfentrazone (0, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 kg ha-1). For this, the activities of, ascorbat peroxidase, catalase and guaiacol enzymes were analyzed, and the levels of MDA were quantificated. Fomesafen and sulfentrazone promoted alterations in balance of plants generating oxidative stress and elicited the response of the antioxidant system of plants, mainly in the high doses of fomesafen, for the species V. sativa and R. sativus. At the same time, the 1,2 kg ha -1 dose of sulfentrazone generated lipid peroxidation for V. sativa, R. sativus and L. albus. Additionally, A. sativa was the species that demonstrated low alterations on antioxidant system with the exposure to herbicide fomesafen and sulfentrazone. Thus, we can we can suggest that the species present a better response in defense of the oxidative stress generated by the herbicides.