Linifanib (ABT-869)

Linifanib (ABT-869) is an effective ATP-competitive tyrosine kinase inhibitor against the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) families, including constitutively active FMS-like receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) [1][2]. It is of IC50 values of 0.55 nmol/L and 6 μmol/L to the cell growth in Ba/F3 FLT3 ITD mutant cells and in Ba/F3 FLT3 WT cells, respectively [1].

FLT3 is important in controlling the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) showed activating mutations in FLT3. These mutations caused abnormal cell proliferation [1].

Linifanib at a concentration of 10 nmol/L induced apoptosis in internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutant cells, but showed no effect in WT cells. Treatment with linifanib did not differentiate WT cells from FLT3 mutant cells with mutation at D835V, in inhibiting proliferation or reducing cell viability. In Ba/F3 FLT3 ITD cell lines, linifanib at a concentration of 10 nmol/L, effectively inhibited the phosphorylation of FLT3. 10 nmol/L linifanib reduced the phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 [1].

Daily orally treatment with linifanib by gavage in NOD/SCID mice with ITD mutant cell decreased the leukemia progression rate compared with the control. On day 7, ITD mutant cells showed rapid progression in control mice, whereas linifanib-treated mice showed no detectable disease. In addition, daily linifanib-treated mice with ITD mutant cells showed significantly longer (P < 0.01) survival duration than control mice with ITD mutant cells only [1].

References:
[1].  Jenny E. Hernandez-Davies, Joan P. Zape, Elliot M. Landaw, et al. The Multitargeted Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Linifanib (ABT-869) Induces Apoptosis through an Akt and Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β–Dependent Pathway. Mol. Cancer Ther., 2011, 10(6):949-59.
[2].  Joyce E. Ohm, Michael R. Shurin, Clemens Esche, et al. Effect of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and FLT3 Ligand on Dendritic Cell Generation In Vivo. Journal of Immunology, 1999, 163:3260-3268.

Linifanib (ABT-869), enhances cytotoxicity with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, veliparib (ABT-888), in head and neck carcinoma cells.[Pubmed:24735547]

Oral Oncol. 2014 Jul;50(7):662-9.

OBJECTIVES: PARP inhibitors (PARPi) may provide an opportunity to gain selective killing of tumor cells which have deficiencies in cellular DNA repair systems. We previously demonstrated Linifanib (ABT-869), a multi-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGF and PDGF receptor families, radiosensitized Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma cells (HNSCC) via inhibiting STAT3 activation. Given that STAT3 can modulate DNA damage response (DDR) pathway, in this study, we evaluate the effects of linifanib to enhance cytotoxicity with the PARPi, veliparib (ABT-888), in HNSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: UMSCC-22A and UMSCC-22B cells were treated with Linifanib (ABT-869) and veliparib (ABT-888). Cell viability, cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction, DNA single strand break (SSB) and double strand break (DSB) damages were examined by MTT assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry and comet assay. In addition, the expression of DNA homologous recombination repair protein Rad51, gammaH2AX, a double strand break marker and cleaved PARP, an apoptotic cell death marker, were assessed using western immunoblotting. RESULTS: Combination treatment resulted in more cell growth inhibition, induction of apoptosis, DNA damages and double strand breaks, lower expression of Rad51, increase gammaH2AX expression and PARP cleavage. CONCLUSION: These data suggest the possibility of combining targeted therapeutic such as linifanib with veliparib to augment the inhibition of cell growth and apoptosis via synthetic lethality in HNSCC cells. Thus, it may provide a novel therapeutic strategy and improve efficacy and outcome in HNSCC.

Simple, sensitive and rapid determination of linifanib (ABT-869), a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS.[Pubmed:24533632]

Chem Cent J. 2014 Feb 17;8(1):13.

BACKGROUND: Linifanib (ABT-869) is an orally active receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which simultaneously inhibits vascular endothelial and platelet derived growth factor receptor. The aim of the present study was to develop an UHPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of linifanib in rat plasma to support the pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic studies. RESULTS: Linifanib was separated on Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (50 x 2.1 mm, i.d. 1.7 mum) using acetonitrile-10 mM ammonium acetate (60:40, v/v) as an isocratic mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min with sunitinib as internal standard (IS). Detection was performed on tandem mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization source in positive mode by multiple reaction monitoring. The monitored transitions were set at m/z 376.05 > 250.97 for linifanib and m/z 399.12 >283.02 for IS, respectively. Both linifanib and IS were eluted at 0.68 and 0.44 min, respectively with a total run time of 2.0 min only. The calibration curve was found to be linear over the concentration range of 0.40-500 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precision value was

Linifanib (ABT-869) Potentiates the Efficacy of Chemotherapeutic Agents through the Suppression of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Mediated AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathways in Gastric Cancer.[Pubmed:27387652]

Sci Rep. 2016 Jul 8;6:29382.

Gastric cancer, highly dependent on tumor angiogenesis, causes uncontrolled lethality, in part due to chemoresistance. Here, we demonstrate that Linifanib (ABT-869), a novel multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, markedly augments cytotoxicity of chemotherapies in human gastric cancer. ABT-869 and chemotherapeutic agents exhibited a strong synergy to inhibit the viability of several gastric cancer cell lines, with combination index values ranging from 0.017 to 0.589. Additionally, the combination of ABT-869 and chemotherapeutic agents led to remarkable suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, in a preclinical gastric cancer xenograft mouse model, drug co-treatments led to increased mouse survival as well as a synergistic reduction in tumor size and the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Mechanistic studies further revealed that all of the co-treatments containing ABT-869 resulted in decreased activation of the VEGF receptor, the epidermal growth factor receptor and the insulin growth factor receptor. Inhibition of these receptor tyrosine kinases consequently attenuated the activation of the downstream AKT/mTOR signaling pathway both in cultured gastric cancer cells and in gastric cancer xenografts. Collectively, our findings suggest that the addition of ABT-869 to traditional chemotherapies may be a promising strategy for the treatment of human gastric cancer.

Linifanib (ABT-869) enhances radiosensitivity of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells.[Pubmed:23490884]

Oral Oncol. 2013 Jun;49(6):591-7.

OBJECTIVES: Novel targeted therapeutic strategies to overcome radio-resistance of cancer cells traditionally treated with radiation may improve patient survival with the added benefit of reduced systemic toxicity. Herein, we tested the feasibility of Linifanib (ABT-869), a multi-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of members of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor families, on radio-sensitization of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: UMSCC-22A and UMSCC-22B cells were treated with Linifanib and gamma-radiation response was determined. Cell viability, cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction and cell cycle distribution were examined by MTT assay, colony formation assay and flow cytometry. In addition, expression of STAT3 and downstream signaling proteins were assessed using western immunoblotting. RESULTS: Treatment with Linifanib resulted in cell growth inhibition, G2/M cell cycle arrest, induction of cell death via apoptosis, reduced phosphorylation of STAT3, which has been linked to radio-resistance, lower expression of cyclin D1, survivin and increased PARP cleavage. In addition, Linifanib overcame the radio-resistance of the cell lines and significantly enhanced radiation-induced cytotoxicity (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These data suggest the possibility of combining targeted therapeutic such as Linifanib with radiation to enhance inhibition of cell growth and apoptosis in HNSCC cells. Thus, it may provide a novel therapeutic strategy and improve efficacy of radiation against HNSCC in the future.

Linifanib (ABT-869) is a potent and orally active multi-target inhibitor of VEGFR and PDGFR family with IC50s of 4, 3, 66, and 4 nM for KDR, FLT1, PDGFRβ, and FLT3, respectively. Linifanib (ABT-869) shows prominent antitumor activity. Linifanib (ABT-869) has much less activity against unrelated RTKs, soluble tyrosine kinases, or serine/threonine kinases.

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