Diaveridine

Acute, mutagenicity, teratogenicity and subchronic oral toxicity studies of diaveridine in rodents.[Pubmed:26397222]

Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015 Sep;40(2):660-70.

Diaveridine (DVD) is a member of the 2,4-pyrimidinediamine class of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. It is used in combination with sulfaquinoxaline as an antiprotozoal agent in animals for the prophylaxis and treatment of coccidiosis and leucocytozoonosis. Herein, we report a complete toxicological safety assessment of DVD for clinical use. The study of toxicity, genetic toxicity (mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus assay, mice sperm abnormality test and in vivo chromosome aberration test of mammalian bone marrow), 90-day sub-chronic toxicity and teratogenicity test were performed. In the acute oral toxicity tests, median lethal dose, LD50, was more than 2378mg/kg body weight in Sprague Dawley rats (1025mg/kg body weight in ICR mice). The testing results for three terms of mutagenicity toxicity (mouse chromosome aberration, erythrocyte micronucleus and sperm abnormality) were all negative at 128-512mg/kg body weight. For 90-day feeding of DVD at the dosage of 10mg/kg body weight in both male and female SD rats, no signs of toxicological effects were detected. Meanwhile, for teratogenicity test in female SD rats at the dosage of 37mg/kg body weight, there were no toxicological signs observed. Thus, our results suggested that the DVD is safe when administered orally in rats at 10mg/kg body weight per day.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Distigmine Bromide, Cyclopentolate HCl, Diaveridine HCl and Tetrahydrozoline HCl via Charge Transfer Complex Formation with TCNQ and TCNE Reagents.[Pubmed:26330858]

Iran J Pharm Res. 2015 Summer;14(3):701-14.

The purpose of this investigation was directed to propose sensitive, accurate and reproducible methods of analysis that can be applied to determine distigmine bromide (DTB), cyclopentolate hydrochloride (CPHC), Diaveridine hydrochloride (DVHC) and tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride (THHC) drugs in pure form and pharmaceutical preparations via charge-transfer complex formation with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) reagents. Spectrophotometric method involve the addition a known excess of TCNQ or TCNE reagents to DTB, CPHC, DVHC and THHC drugs in acetonitrile, followed by the measurement of the absorbance of the CT complexes at the selected wavelength. The reaction stoichiometry is found to be 1:1 [drug]: [TCNQ or TCNE]. The absorbance is found to increase linearly with concentration of the drugs under investigation which is corroborated by the correlation coefficients of 0.9954-0.9981. The system obeys Beer's law for 6-400, 20-500, 1-180 and 60-560 microg mL(-1) and 80-600, 10-300, 1-60 and 80-640 microg mL(-1) for DTB, CPHC, DVHC and THHC drugs using TCNQ and TCNE reagents, respectively. The apparent molar absorptivity, sandell sensitivity, the limits of detection and quantification are also reported for the spectrophotometric method. Intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy of the method were evaluated as per ICH guidelines. The method was successfully applied to the assay of DTB, CPHC, DVHC and THHC drugs in formulations and the results were compared with those of a reference method by applying Student's t and F-tests. No interference was observed from common pharmaceutical excipients.

Determination of sulphachloropyrazine-diaveridine residues by high performance liquid chromatography in broiler edible tissues.[Pubmed:26212255]

J Vet Med Sci. 2016 Jan;77(12):1555-63.

Diaveridine (DVD) is used in combination with sulphachloropyrazine (SPZ) as an effective antibacterial agent and antiprotozoal agent, respectively, in humans and animals. To gain a better understanding of the metabolism of SPZ and DVD in the food-producing animals, a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to determine and quantify sulphachloropyrazine (SPZ) and Diaveridine (DVD) suspension residues from broilers is reported. Thirty healthy chickens were orally administered with sulphachloropyrazine-Diaveridine (SPZ-DVD) suspension in water of 300 mg/l (SPZ) per day for seven successive days. Six chickens per day were slaughtered at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after the last administration. This procedure permitted SPZ and DVD to be separated from muscle tissue, liver, kidneys and skin with fat after extraction with acetonitrile and acetone under slightly acidic conditions. From the detected residuals in different tissues, we found that SPZ was quickly eliminated in liver and muscle, and slowly eliminated in kidney and skin with fat. DVD was quickly eliminated in liver and slowly eliminated in kidney. The withdrawal period of SPZ was 3.26, 3.72, 4.39 and 5.43 days in muscle, liver, kidney and skin with fat, respectively. The withdrawal period of DVD was 4.77, 4.94, 6.74 and 4.58 days in muscle, liver, kidney and skin with fat, respectively. Therefore, the suggested withdrawal period for SPZ-DVD suspension should be 7 days after dosing for seven successive days.

Acute and sub-chronic toxicity study of diaveridine in Wistar rats.[Pubmed:26209270]

Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015 Oct;73(1):232-40.

Diaveridine, a developed dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, has been widely used as anticoccidial drug and antibacterial synergist. However, few studies have been performed to investigate its toxicity. To provide detailed toxicity with a wide spectrum of doses for Diaveridine, acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies were conducted. Calculated LD50 was 2330 mg/kg b.w. in females and 3100 mg/kg b.w. in males, and chromodacryorrhea was noted in some females before their death. In the sub-chronic study, Diaveridine was fed to Wistar rats during 90 days at dietary levels of 0, 23, 230, 1150 and 2000 mg/kg, which were about 0, 2.0-2.3, 21.0-23.5, 115.2-126.9 and 212.4-217.9 mg/kg b.w., respectively. Significant decrease in body weights in both genders at 1150 and 2000 mg/kg groups and significant increases in relative weights of brain in both genders, liver in females, kidneys and testis in males, alkaline phosphatase and potassium in both genders at 2000 mg/kg diet were noted. Significant decrease in absolute weights of several organs, hemoglobin and red blood cell count in both genders, albumin and total protein in females were observed at 2000 mg/kg diet. Fibroblasts in the kidneys, cell swelling of the glomerular zone in the adrenals and inflammation in the liver were found at 2000 mg/kg group. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of Diaveridine was 230 mg/kg diet (21.0-23.5 mg/kg b.w./day).

Identification and elucidation of the structure of in vivo metabolites of diaveridine in chicken.[Pubmed:24999617]

J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2014 Aug 15;965:91-9.

Diaveridine (DVD) is a popular antibacterial synergist that is widely used in combination with sulfonamide. It has been reported to be genotoxic to mammalian cells, but more studies are required to clarify this. Moreover, there is very little information on its pharmacokinetics, metabolic elimination and mechanism of toxicity. Therefore, in order to gain a better understanding of the metabolism of DVD, we performed high-performance liquid chromatography linear ion trapped orbitrap mass spectrometer (LC-LTQ-Orbitrap). With this approach, we identified 15 metabolites of DVD in chicken after a single oral administration of DVD; 10 of these metabolites have been identified in vivo for the first time. Nine phase I and five phase II metabolites were detected in the plasma, and eight phase I and six phase II metabolites were found in feces. The major phase I metabolites were formed via the O-demethylation and N-oxidation pathways, and the major phase II metabolites were glucuronide conjugates. These results are essential for understanding this compound more clearly and lay the basis for further studies about the metabolism of DVD. Therefore, using this approach, we were able to identify and characterize metabolites of DVD with high sensitivity and resolution. We were able to detect a broad range of metabolites, even some trace ones and some so far unknown metabolites.

Diaveridine (EGIS-5645) is a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor with a Ki of 11.5 nM for the wild type DHFR and also an antibacterial agent.

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