FAK Inhibitor 14

Y15 is a direct and specific inhibitor of FAK auto-phosphorylation.

In Vitro:Y15 directly blocks autophosphorylation activity of FAK. Y15 inhibits Y397 phosphorylation of FAK starting at 0.1 μM in Panc-1 cells. At a dose of 100 μM, Y15 has the same or better inhibition as TAE226. Of note, total FAK is downregulated at higher doses of Y15. Y15 also blocks phosphorylation of the FAK downstream substrate, paxillin. Total paxillin is decreased at higher doses similar to FAK. Thus, Y15 inhibits FAK phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner[1]. MTS assay is completed using a range of Y15 doses on all cell lines (TT, K1, BCPAP, and TPC1, respectively).Y15 inhibited cell viability in a dose-dependent manner across all thyroid cell lines evaluated. IC50 is 2.05, 5.74, 9.99, and 17.54 μM for TT, TPC1, BCPAP, and K1, respectively[2].

In Vivo:Nude mice bearing Panc si-ctrl xenografts are treated with TAE226, a dual FAK and IGF-1R tyrosine kinase inhibitor, to provide a reference for the antitumor effect of dual inhibition of FAK and IGF-1R. Without drug treatment, Panc si5-IGF-1R xenografts grew slower than Panc si-ctrl xenografts (Panc si5-IGF-1R/PBS vs. Panc si-ctrl/PBS), suggesting moderate tumor suppression by inhibiting the IGF-1R pathway only. Further inhibition of FAK activity by Y15 treatment suppresses the growth of Panc si5-IGF-1R xenografts more drastically (Panc si5-IGF-1R/PBS vs. Panc si5-IGF-1R/Y15). A similar antitumor effect is seen in Panc si-ctrl xenografts treated with TAE226 (Panc si5-IGF-1R/Y15 vs. Panc si-ctrl/TAE226). Mice demonstrates normal grooming and eating habits throughout the experiment[3].

References:
[1]. Hochwald SN, et al. A novel small molecule inhibitor of FAK decreases growth of human pancreatic cancer. Cell Cycle. 2009 Aug;8(15):2435-43. [2]. O'Brien S, et al. FAK inhibition with small molecule inhibitor Y15 decreases viability, clonogenicity, and cell attachment in thyroid cancer cell lines and synergizes with targeted therapeutics. Oncotarget. 2014 Sep 15;5(17):7945-59. [3]. Zheng D, et al. A novel strategy to inhibit FAK and IGF-1R decreases growth of pancreatic cancer xenografts. Mol Carcinog. 2010 Feb;49(2):200-9.

In vivo toxicity, metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties of FAK inhibitor 14 or Y15 (1, 2, 4, 5-benzenetetramine tetrahydrochloride).[Pubmed:24915938]

Arch Toxicol. 2015 Jul;89(7):1095-101.

Y15 or inhibitor 14 (1,2,4,5-benzenetetramine tetrahydrochloride) is a potent and specific inhibitor of focal adhesion kinase that inhibits its autophosphorylation activity, decreases the viability of cancer cells, and blocks tumor growth. In this preclinical study, we analyzed the pharmacokinetics of Y15 in mice plasma, its metabolic stability in mouse and human liver microsomes and toxicity in mice. The pharmacokinetics study in mice demonstrated that, following intraperitoneal administration at 30 mg/kg dose, Y15 was very rapidly absorbed in mice, reaching maximum plasma concentration in 4.8 min. Y15 rapidly metabolized in mouse and human liver microsomes with half-life t1/2 of 6.9 and 11.6 min, respectively. The maximal tolerated dose of single-dose administration of Y15 by oral administration was 200 mg/kg, and the multiple maximum tolerated dose of Y15 was 100 mg/kg by PO during 7 day study. Y15 did not cause any mortality or statistically significant differences in the body weight at 30 mg/kg by IP during 28-day study, and at 100 mg/kg by PO during the 7-day study. There were no clinical chemical, hematological, or histopathological changes in different mice organs at 30 mg/kg by IP during 28 days and at 100 mg/kg dose by PO during 7 days. Thus, this is the first preclinical toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and metabolic stability study of Y15 inhibitor. Further development of Y15 will provide a basis for new therapeutic and future clinical studies.

A novel small molecule inhibitor of FAK decreases growth of human pancreatic cancer.[Pubmed:19571674]

Cell Cycle. 2009 Aug;8(15):2435-43.

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed in many types of tumors, including pancreatic cancer, and plays an important role in cell adhesion and survival signaling. Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease and is very resistant to chemotherapy, and FAK has been shown recently to assist in tumor cell survival. Therefore, FAK is an excellent potential target for anti-cancer therapy. We identified a novel small molecule inhibitor (1,2,4,5-Benzenetetraamine tetrahydrochloride, that we called Y15) targeting the main autophosphorylation site of FAK and hypothesized that it would be an effective treatment strategy against human pancreatic cancer. Y15 specifically blocked phosphorylation of Y397-FAK and total phosphorylation of FAK. It directly inhibited FAK autophosphorylation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, Y15 increased pancreatic cancer cell detachment and inhibited cell adhesion in a dose-dependent manner. Y15 effectively caused human pancreatic tumor regression in vivo, when administered alone and its effects were synergistic with gemcitabine chemotherapy. This was accompanied by a decrease in Y397-phosphorylation of FAK in the tumors treated with Y15. Thus, targeting the Y397 site of FAK in pancreatic cancer with the small molecule inhibitor, 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetraamine tetrahydrochloride, is a potentially effective treatment strategy in this deadly disease.

A small molecule inhibitor, 1,2,4,5-benzenetetraamine tetrahydrochloride, targeting the y397 site of focal adhesion kinase decreases tumor growth.[Pubmed:18989950]

J Med Chem. 2008 Dec 11;51(23):7405-16.

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a nonreceptor kinase that is overexpressed in many types of tumors. We developed a novel cancer-therapy approach, targeting the main autophosphorylation site of FAK, Y397, by computer modeling and screening of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) small molecule compounds database. More than 140,000 small molecule compounds were docked into the N-terminal domain of the FAK crystal structure in 100 different orientations that identified 35 compounds. One compound, 14 (1,2,4,5-benzenetetraamine tetrahydrochloride), significantly decreased viability in most of the cells to the levels equal to or higher than control FAK inhibitor 1a (2-[5-chloro-2-[2-methoxy-4-(4-morpholinyl)phenylamino]pyrimidin-4-ylamino]-N-met hylbenzamide, TAE226) from Novartis, Inc. Compound 14 specifically and directly blocked phosphorylation of Y397-FAK in a dose- and time-dependent manner. It increased cell detachment and inhibited cell adhesion in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, 14 effectively caused breast tumor regression in vivo. Thus, targeting the Y397 site of FAK with 14 inhibitor can be effectively used in cancer therapy.

Y15 is a potent and specific inhibitor of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) that inhibits its autophosphorylation activity, decreases the viability of cancer cells, and blocks tumor growth.

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