Lipoic acid

CAS# 62-46-4

Lipoic acid

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Chemical structure

Lipoic acid

3D structure

Chemical Properties of Lipoic acid

Cas No. 62-46-4 SDF Download SDF
PubChem ID 864 Appearance Yellow cryst.
Formula C8H14O2S2 M.Wt 206.3
Type of Compound Miscellaneous Storage Desiccate at -20°C
Synonyms (±)-α-Lipoic acid; DL-α-Lipoic acid; Thioctic acid;α-Lipoic acid;1077-28-7
Solubility Soluble in Chloroform,Dichloromethane,Ethyl Acetate,DMSO,Acetone,etc.
Chemical Name 5-(dithiolan-3-yl)pentanoic acid
SMILES C1CSSC1CCCCC(=O)O
Standard InChIKey AGBQKNBQESQNJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Standard InChI InChI=1S/C8H14O2S2/c9-8(10)4-2-1-3-7-5-6-11-12-7/h7H,1-6H2,(H,9,10)
General tips For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months.
We recommend that you prepare and use the solution on the same day. However, if the test schedule requires, the stock solutions can be prepared in advance, and the stock solution must be sealed and stored below -20℃. In general, the stock solution can be kept for several months.
Before use, we recommend that you leave the vial at room temperature for at least an hour before opening it.
About Packaging 1. The packaging of the product may be reversed during transportation, cause the high purity compounds to adhere to the neck or cap of the vial.Take the vail out of its packaging and shake gently until the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial.
2. For liquid products, please centrifuge at 500xg to gather the liquid to the bottom of the vial.
3. Try to avoid loss or contamination during the experiment.
Shipping Condition Packaging according to customer requirements(5mg, 10mg, 20mg and more). Ship via FedEx, DHL, UPS, EMS or other couriers with RT, or blue ice upon request.

Source of Lipoic acid

From yeast extract.

Biological Activity of Lipoic acid

DescriptionAlpha-lipoic acid has become a common ingredient in multivitamin formulas, anti-aging supplements, and even pet food, it is well-defined as a therapy for preventing diabetic polyneuropathies, and scavenges free radicals, chelates metals, and restores intracellular glutathione levels which otherwise decline with age. Alpha-lipoic acid has therapeutic effects on joint inflammation and erosion in an animal model via NF-kappa B down regulation, it inhibits TNF-alpha induced NF-kappa B activation through blocking of MEKK1-MKK4-IKK signaling cascades. Lipoic acid is a novel treatment for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.
TargetsMMP(e.g.TIMP) | NF-kB | Nrf2 | MAPK | TNF-α | IkB | ROS | IKK
In vitro

Lipoic acid as a novel treatment for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.[Pubmed: 16989905 ]

Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Jan;113(1):154-64.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that destroys patient memory and cognition, communication ability with the social environment and the ability to carry out daily activities. Despite extensive research into the pathogenesis of AD, a neuroprotective treatment - particularly for the early stages of disease - remains unavailable for clinical use.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In this review, we advance the suggestion that Lipoic acid (LA) may fulfil this therapeutic need. A naturally occurring precursor of an essential cofactor for mitochondrial enzymes, including pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), LA has been shown to have a variety of properties which can interfere with pathogenic principles of AD. For example, LA increases acetylcholine (ACh) production by activation of choline acetyltransferase and increases glucose uptake, thus supplying more acetyl-CoA for the production of ACh. LA chelates redox-active transition metals, thus inhibiting the formation of hydroxyl radicals and also scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby increasing the levels of reduced glutathione. Via the same mechanisms, downregulation redox-sensitive inflammatory processes is also achieved.

In vivo

Lipoic Acid: its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role and clinical applications.[Pubmed: 25620240]

Curr Top Med Chem. 2015;15(5):458-83.

Lipoic acid (LA) is an antioxidant able to produce its effects in aqueous or lipophilic environments.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Lipoate is the conjugate base of Lipoic acid, and the most prevalent form of LA under physiological conditions. It presents a highly negative reduction potential, increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes and participates in the recycling of vitamins C and E. Due to these properties, LA is called the "universal antioxidant". LA is also involved with anti-inflammatory action, independently of its antioxidant activity. This review was carried out, aiming to identify, analyze, and rationalize the various clinical, physiopathological and/or physiological situations in which LA, through oral supplementation, was tested on human and animal (rats and mice) models. LA was mainly tested in cardiovascular diseases (CVD), obesity, pain, inflammatory diseases and aging. LA uses in CVD and obesity, in humans, are controversial. On the other hand, beneficial effects on inflammation and pain were observed. LA supplementation in animal models may prolong life, has neuroprotective effects and presents positive effects against cancer. Differences observed in human and animal models can be due, in part, to different treatments (LA combined with other antioxidants, different doses) and to the variety of biomarkers investigated in animal experiments.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results suggest the need for further clinical trials to guide health professionals regarding the safety of prescription of this supplement.

Oral administration of RAC-alpha-lipoic acid modulates insulin sensitivity in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled pilot trial.[Pubmed: 10468203]

Free Radic Biol Med. 1999 Aug;27(3-4):309-14.

Alpha-Lipoic acid (ALA), a naturally occuring compound and a radical scavenger was shown to enhance glucose transport and utilization in different experimental and animal models.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Clinical studies described an increase of insulin sensitivity after acute and short-term (10 d) parenteral administration of ALA. This revealed significantly different changes in MCR after treatment (+27% vs. placebo; p < .01). This placebo-controlled explorative study confirms previous observations of an increase of insulin sensitivity in type-2 diabetes after acute and chronic intravenous administration of ALA.
CONCLUSIONS:
The results suggest that oral administration of alpha-Lipoic acid can improve insulin sensitivity in patients with type-2 diabetes. The encouraging findings of this pilot trial need to be substantiated by further investigations.

Protocol of Lipoic acid

Kinase Assay

Alpha-lipoic acid inhibits TNF-alpha induced NF-kappa B activation through blocking of MEKK1-MKK4-IKK signaling cascades.[Pubmed: 18182252]

Alpha-lipoic acid as a dietary supplement: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential.[Pubmed: 19664690 ]

Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Oct;1790(10):1149-60.

Alpha-Lipoic acid (LA) has become a common ingredient in multivitamin formulas, anti-aging supplements, and even pet food. It is well-defined as a therapy for preventing diabetic polyneuropathies, and scavenges free radicals, chelates metals, and restores intracellular glutathione levels which otherwise decline with age. How do the biochemical properties of LA relate to its biological effects?
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Herein, we review the molecular mechanisms of LA discovered using cell and animal models, and the effects of LA on human subjects. Though LA has long been touted as an antioxidant, it has also been shown to improve glucose and ascorbate handling, increase eNOS activity, activate Phase II detoxification via the transcription factor Nrf2, and lower expression of MMP-9 and VCAM-1 through repression of NF-kappa B. LA and its reduced form, dihydroLipoic acid, may use their chemical properties as a redox couple to alter protein conformations by forming mixed disulfides. Beneficial effects are achieved with low micromolar levels of LA, suggesting that some of its therapeutic potential extends beyond the strict definition of an antioxidant.
CONCLUSIONS:
Current trials are investigating whether these beneficial properties of LA make it an appropriate treatment not just for diabetes, but also for the prevention of vascular disease, hypertension, and inflammation.

Int Immunopharmacol. 2008 Feb;8(2):362-70.

The therapeutic effects of alpha-Lipoic acid (alpha-LA) via NF-kappa B down regulation were demonstrated on joint inflammation and erosion in an animal model.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In this study, we investigated how alpha-LA inhibits the pathway of NF-kappa B activation by TNF-alpha via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast-like synovial cells (FLS). FLS were stimulated with TNF-alpha following pre-treatment with or without alpha-LA. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) revealed that TNF-alpha activates NF-kappa B in FLS. This was inhibited by alpha-LA at concentrations of 1 mM. TNF-alpha induced IKK mediated phosphorylation of GST-I kappa B and pre-treatment with alpha-LA inhibited this pathway. FLS constitutively express MEKK1, MEKK2, MEKK3, and TAK1 and that their levels are unaffected by TNF-alpha or alpha-LA. Immunoprecipitation using anti-MEKK1 antibody phosphorylated GST-I kappa B and pre-treating the cells with alpha-LA could abolish the reaction. FLS were immunoprecipitated using an antibody to MEKK1, and MKK4 was coprecipitated with MEKK1. In addition, immune complexes precipitated with anti-MKK4 antibody phosphorylated GST-I kappa B, and pre-treatment with alpha-LA inhibited the phosphorylation. Immunoprecipitation assay showed that MEKK1, MKK4, IKK-alpha, IKK-beta, I kappa B, and NF-kappa B comprised immunocomplex.
CONCLUSIONS:
It can be concluded that TNF-alpha activates NF-kappa B in FLS through MEKK1-MKK4-IKK signaling complex, and alpha-LA inhibits this signaling at the level of or upstream of IKK-alpha and IKK-beta.

Lipoic acid Dilution Calculator

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Lipoic acid Molarity Calculator

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Preparing Stock Solutions of Lipoic acid

1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 20 mg 25 mg
1 mM 4.8473 mL 24.2365 mL 48.4731 mL 96.9462 mL 121.1827 mL
5 mM 0.9695 mL 4.8473 mL 9.6946 mL 19.3892 mL 24.2365 mL
10 mM 0.4847 mL 2.4237 mL 4.8473 mL 9.6946 mL 12.1183 mL
50 mM 0.0969 mL 0.4847 mL 0.9695 mL 1.9389 mL 2.4237 mL
100 mM 0.0485 mL 0.2424 mL 0.4847 mL 0.9695 mL 1.2118 mL
* Note: If you are in the process of experiment, it's necessary to make the dilution ratios of the samples. The dilution data above is only for reference. Normally, it's can get a better solubility within lower of Concentrations.

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Calcutta University

University of Minnesota

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University of Illinois at Chicago

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Yale University

Worcester Polytechnic Institute

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The Institute of Cancer Research

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Korea University
Korea University

Background on Lipoic acid

α-Lipoic Acid is an antioxidant, which is an essential cofactor of mitochondrial enzyme complexes. α-Lipoic Acid inhibits NF-κB-dependent HIV-1 LTR activation.

In Vitro:The long terminal repeat (LTR) of HIV-1 is the target of cellular transcription factors such as NF-κB, and serves as the promoter-enhancer for the viral genome when integrated in host DNA[1]. α-Lipoic Acid (Alpha-Lipoic acid, ALA), a naturally occurring dithiol compound, plays an essential role in mitochondrial bioenergetics. α-Lipoic Acid reduces lipid accumulation in the liver by regulating the transcriptional factors SREBP-1, FoxO1, and Nrf2, and their downstream lipogenic targets via the activation of the SIRT1/LKB1/AMPK pathway. Treatment of cells with α-Lipoic Acid (250, 500 and 1000 μM) significantly increases the NAD+/NADH ratio in HepG2 cells (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Treatment with α-Lipoic Acid (50, 125, 250 and 500 μM) increases SIRT1 activity in HepG2 cells. α-Lipoic Acid (50, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 μM) increases phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent fashion[1].

In Vivo:C57BL/6J mice, divided into four groups, are fed an high-fat diet (HFD) for 24 weeks to induce nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) followed by daily administration of α-Lipoic Acid. Then, the effects of α-Lipoic Acid on hepatic lipid accumulation in long-term HFD-fed mice are assessed. Administration of α-Lipoic Acid (100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg) markedly reduces visceral fat mass in mice. In addition, α-Lipoic Acid (100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg) treatment inhibits the appetite and causes a dramatic weight loss (all P<0.05)[1].

References:
[1]. Xiao L, et al. Activity of the dietary antioxidant ergothioneine in a virus gene-based assay for inhibitors of HIV transcription. Biofactors. 2006;27(1-4):157-65. [2]. Yang Y, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid improves high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis by modulating the transcription factors SREBP-1, FoxO1 and Nrf2 via the SIRT1/LKB1/AMPK pathway. J Nutr Biochem. 2014 Nov;25(11):1207-1217. [3]. Lei D, et al. Synergistic neuroprotective effect of rasagiline and idebenone against retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury via the Lin28-let-7-Dicer pathway. Oncotarget. 2018 Jan 30;9(15):12137-12153.

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References on Lipoic acid

Lipoic acid as a novel treatment for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.[Pubmed:16989905]

Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Jan;113(1):154-64.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that destroys patient memory and cognition, communication ability with the social environment and the ability to carry out daily activities. Despite extensive research into the pathogenesis of AD, a neuroprotective treatment - particularly for the early stages of disease - remains unavailable for clinical use. In this review, we advance the suggestion that Lipoic acid (LA) may fulfil this therapeutic need. A naturally occurring precursor of an essential cofactor for mitochondrial enzymes, including pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), LA has been shown to have a variety of properties which can interfere with pathogenic principles of AD. For example, LA increases acetylcholine (ACh) production by activation of choline acetyltransferase and increases glucose uptake, thus supplying more acetyl-CoA for the production of ACh. LA chelates redox-active transition metals, thus inhibiting the formation of hydroxyl radicals and also scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby increasing the levels of reduced glutathione. Via the same mechanisms, downregulation redox-sensitive inflammatory processes is also achieved. Furthermore, LA can scavenge lipid peroxidation products such as hydroxynonenal and acrolein. The reduced form of LA, dihydroLipoic acid (DHLA), is the active compound responsible for most of these beneficial effects. R-alpha-LA can be applied instead of DHLA, as it is reduced by mitochondrial lipoamide dehydrogenase, a part of the PDH complex. In this review, the properties of LA are explored with particular emphasis on how this agent, particularly the R-alpha-enantiomer, may be effective to treat AD and related dementias.

Lipoic Acid: its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role and clinical applications.[Pubmed:25620240]

Curr Top Med Chem. 2015;15(5):458-83.

Lipoic acid (LA) is an antioxidant able to produce its effects in aqueous or lipophilic environments. Lipoate is the conjugate base of Lipoic acid, and the most prevalent form of LA under physiological conditions. It presents a highly negative reduction potential, increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes and participates in the recycling of vitamins C and E. Due to these properties, LA is called the "universal antioxidant". LA is also involved with anti-inflammatory action, independently of its antioxidant activity. This review was carried out, aiming to identify, analyze, and rationalize the various clinical, physiopathological and/or physiological situations in which LA, through oral supplementation, was tested on human and animal (rats and mice) models. LA was mainly tested in cardiovascular diseases (CVD), obesity, pain, inflammatory diseases and aging. LA uses in CVD and obesity, in humans, are controversial. On the other hand, beneficial effects on inflammation and pain were observed. LA supplementation in animal models may prolong life, has neuroprotective effects and presents positive effects against cancer. Differences observed in human and animal models can be due, in part, to different treatments (LA combined with other antioxidants, different doses) and to the variety of biomarkers investigated in animal experiments. These results suggest the need for further clinical trials to guide health professionals regarding the safety of prescription of this supplement.

Alpha-lipoic acid as a dietary supplement: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential.[Pubmed:19664690]

Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Oct;1790(10):1149-60.

Alpha-Lipoic acid (LA) has become a common ingredient in multivitamin formulas, anti-aging supplements, and even pet food. It is well-defined as a therapy for preventing diabetic polyneuropathies, and scavenges free radicals, chelates metals, and restores intracellular glutathione levels which otherwise decline with age. How do the biochemical properties of LA relate to its biological effects? Herein, we review the molecular mechanisms of LA discovered using cell and animal models, and the effects of LA on human subjects. Though LA has long been touted as an antioxidant, it has also been shown to improve glucose and ascorbate handling, increase eNOS activity, activate Phase II detoxification via the transcription factor Nrf2, and lower expression of MMP-9 and VCAM-1 through repression of NF-kappa B. LA and its reduced form, dihydroLipoic acid, may use their chemical properties as a redox couple to alter protein conformations by forming mixed disulfides. Beneficial effects are achieved with low micromolar levels of LA, suggesting that some of its therapeutic potential extends beyond the strict definition of an antioxidant. Current trials are investigating whether these beneficial properties of LA make it an appropriate treatment not just for diabetes, but also for the prevention of vascular disease, hypertension, and inflammation.

Oral administration of RAC-alpha-lipoic acid modulates insulin sensitivity in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled pilot trial.[Pubmed:10468203]

Free Radic Biol Med. 1999 Aug;27(3-4):309-14.

Alpha-Lipoic acid (ALA), a naturally occuring compound and a radical scavenger was shown to enhance glucose transport and utilization in different experimental and animal models. Clinical studies described an increase of insulin sensitivity after acute and short-term (10 d) parenteral administration of ALA. The effects of a 4-week oral treatment with alpha-Lipoic acid were evaluated in a placebo-controlled, multicenter pilot study to determine see whether oral treatment also improves insulin sensitivity. Seventy-four patients with type-2 diabetes were randomized to either placebo (n = 19); or active treatment in various doses of 600 mg once daily (n = 19), twice daily (1200 mg; n = 18), or thrice daily (1800 mg; n = 18) alpha-Lipoic acid. An isoglycemic glucose-clamp was done on days 0 (pre) and 29 (post). In this explorative study, analysis was done according to the number of subjects showing an improvement of insulin sensitivity after treatment. Furthermore, the effects of active vs. placebo treatment on insulin sensitivity was compared. All four groups were comparable and had a similar degree of hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity at baseline. When compared to placebo, significantly more subjects had an increase in insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (MCR) after ALA treatment in each group. As there was no dose effect seen in the three different alpha-Lipoic acid groups, all subjects receiving ALA were combined in the "active" group and then compared to placebo. This revealed significantly different changes in MCR after treatment (+27% vs. placebo; p < .01). This placebo-controlled explorative study confirms previous observations of an increase of insulin sensitivity in type-2 diabetes after acute and chronic intravenous administration of ALA. The results suggest that oral administration of alpha-Lipoic acid can improve insulin sensitivity in patients with type-2 diabetes. The encouraging findings of this pilot trial need to be substantiated by further investigations.

Description

α-Lipoic Acid, a natural product, is reported to have antioxidative property.

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