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Methylmalonate

Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor CAS# 516-05-2

Methylmalonate

2D Structure

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Methylmalonate

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Chemical Properties of Methylmalonate

Cas No. 516-05-2 SDF Download SDF
PubChem ID 487 Appearance Powder
Formula C4H6O4 M.Wt 118.09
Type of Compound N/A Storage Desiccate at -20°C
Solubility DMSO : 100 mg/mL (846.81 mM; Need ultrasonic)
H2O : 100 mg/mL (846.81 mM; Need ultrasonic)
Chemical Name 2-methylpropanedioic acid
SMILES CC(C(=O)O)C(=O)O
Standard InChIKey ZIYVHBGGAOATLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Standard InChI InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c1-2(3(5)6)4(7)8/h2H,1H3,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)
General tips For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months.
We recommend that you prepare and use the solution on the same day. However, if the test schedule requires, the stock solutions can be prepared in advance, and the stock solution must be sealed and stored below -20℃. In general, the stock solution can be kept for several months.
Before use, we recommend that you leave the vial at room temperature for at least an hour before opening it.
About Packaging 1. The packaging of the product may be reversed during transportation, cause the high purity compounds to adhere to the neck or cap of the vial.Take the vail out of its packaging and shake gently until the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial.
2. For liquid products, please centrifuge at 500xg to gather the liquid to the bottom of the vial.
3. Try to avoid loss or contamination during the experiment.
Shipping Condition Packaging according to customer requirements(5mg, 10mg, 20mg and more). Ship via FedEx, DHL, UPS, EMS or other couriers with RT, or blue ice upon request.

Biological Activity of Methylmalonate

DescriptionIntracellularly produces malonate, a reversible succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor used to generate Huntington's disease models. Induces apoptotic cell death in striatal neurons.

Methylmalonate Dilution Calculator

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Methylmalonate Molarity Calculator

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Preparing Stock Solutions of Methylmalonate

1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 20 mg 25 mg
1 mM 8.4681 mL 42.3406 mL 84.6812 mL 169.3624 mL 211.7029 mL
5 mM 1.6936 mL 8.4681 mL 16.9362 mL 33.8725 mL 42.3406 mL
10 mM 0.8468 mL 4.2341 mL 8.4681 mL 16.9362 mL 21.1703 mL
50 mM 0.1694 mL 0.8468 mL 1.6936 mL 3.3872 mL 4.2341 mL
100 mM 0.0847 mL 0.4234 mL 0.8468 mL 1.6936 mL 2.117 mL
* Note: If you are in the process of experiment, it's necessary to make the dilution ratios of the samples. The dilution data above is only for reference. Normally, it's can get a better solubility within lower of Concentrations.

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References on Methylmalonate

Mutations in ALDH6A1 encoding methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase are associated with dysmyelination and transient methylmalonic aciduria.[Pubmed:23835272]

Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2013 Jul 9;8:98.

BACKGROUND: Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (MMSDH) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with varied metabolite abnormalities, including accumulation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric, 3-hydroxypropionic, 3-aminoisobutyric and methylmalonic acids, as well as beta-alanine. Existing reports describe a highly variable clinical and biochemical phenotype, which can make diagnosis a challenge. To date, only three reported cases have been confirmed at the molecular level, through identification of homozygous mutations in ALDH6A1, the gene encoding MMSDH. Confirmation by enzyme assay has until now not been possible, due to the extreme instability of the enzyme substrate. METHODS AND RESULTS: We report a child with severe developmental delays, abnormal myelination on brain MRI, and transient/variable elevations in lactate, methylmalonic acid, 3-hydroxyisobutyric and 3-aminoisobutyric acids. Compound heterozygous mutations were identified by exome sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing within exon 6 (c.514 T > C; p. Tyr172His) and exon 12 (c.1603C > T; p. Arg535Cys) of ALDH6A1. The resulting amino acid changes, both occurring in residues conserved among mammals, are predicted to be damaging at the protein level. Subsequent MMSDH enzyme assay demonstrated reduced activity in patient fibroblasts, measuring 2.5 standard deviations below the mean. CONCLUSIONS: We present the fourth reported case of MMSDH deficiency with confirmation at the molecular level, and expand on what is already an extremely variable clinical and biochemical phenotype. Furthermore, this is the first report to demonstrate a corresponding reduction in MMSDH enzyme activity. This report illustrates the emerging utilization of whole exome sequencing and variant data filtering using clinical data as an early tool in the diagnosis of rare and variable conditions.

Chronic administration of methylmalonate on young rats alters neuroinflammatory markers and spatial memory.[Pubmed:23726524]

Immunobiology. 2013 Sep;218(9):1175-83.

The methylmalonic acidemia is an inborn error of metabolism (IEM) characterized by methylmalonic acid (MMA) accumulation in body fluids and tissues, causing neurological dysfunction, mitochondrial failure and oxidative stress. Although neurological evidence demonstrate that infection and/or inflammation mediators facilitate metabolic crises in patients, the involvement of neuroinflammatory processes in the neuropathology of this organic acidemia is not yet established. In this experimental study, we used newborn Wistar rats to induce a model of chronic acidemia via subcutaneous injections of Methylmalonate (MMA, from 5th to 28th day of life, twice a day, ranged from 0.72 to 1.67 mumol/g as a function of animal age). In the following days (29th-31st) animal behavior was assessed in the object exploration test and elevated plus maze. It was performed differential cell and the number of neutrophils counting and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels in the blood, as well as levels of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in the cerebral cortex were measured. Behavioral tests showed that animals injected chronically with MMA have a reduction in the recognition index (R.I.) when the objects were arranged in a new configuration space, but do not exhibit anxiety-like behaviors. The blood of MMA-treated animals showed a decrease in the number of polymorphonuclear and neutrophils, and an increase in mononuclear and other cell types, as well as an increase of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha levels. Concomitantly, MMA increased levels of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and expression of iNOS and 3-NT in the cerebral cortex of rats. The overall results indicate that chronic administration of MMA increased pro-inflammatory markers in the cerebral cortex, reduced immune system defenses in blood, and coincide with the behavioral changes found in young rats. This leads to speculate that, through mechanisms not yet elucidated, the neuroinflammatory processes during critical periods of development may contribute to the progression of cognitive impairment in patients with methylmalonic acidemia.

Crystal structure and modeling of the tetrahedral intermediate state of methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (MMSDH) from Oceanimonas doudoroffii.[Pubmed:26832667]

J Microbiol. 2016 Feb;54(2):114-21.

The gene product of dddC (Uniprot code G5CZI2), from the Gram-negative marine bacterium Oceanimonas doudoroffii, is a Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (OdoMMSDH) enzyme. MMSDH is a member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily, and it catalyzes the NAD-dependent decarboxylation of Methylmalonate semialdehyde to propionyl-CoA. We determined the crystal structure of OdoMMSDH at 2.9 A resolution. Among the twelve molecules in the asymmetric unit, six subunits complexed with NAD, which was carried along the protein purification steps. OdoMMSDH exists as a stable homodimer in solution; each subunit consists of three distinct domains: an NAD-binding domain, a catalytic domain, and an oligomerization domain. Computational modeling studies of the OdoMMSDH structure revealed key residues important for substrate recognition and tetrahedral intermediate stabilization. Two basic residues (Arg103 and Arg279) and six hydrophobic residues (Phe150, Met153, Val154, Trp157, Met281, and Phe449) were found to be important for tetrahedral intermediate binding. Modeling data also suggested that the backbone amide of Cys280 and the side chain amine of Asn149 function as the oxyanion hole during the enzymatic reaction. Our results provide useful insights into the substrate recognition site residues and catalytic mechanism of OdoMMSDH.

Huntington's disease and the striatal medium spiny neuron: cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms of disease.[Pubmed:22441874]

Neurotherapeutics. 2012 Apr;9(2):270-84.

Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the protein huntingtin on chromosome 4. The mutation is an expanded CAG repeat in the first exon, encoding a polyglutamine tract. If the polyglutamine tract is > 40, penetrance is 100% and death is inevitable. Despite the widespread expression of huntingtin, HD has long been considered primarily as a disease of the striatum. It is characterized by selective vulnerability with dysfunction followed by death of the medium size spiny neuron. Considerable effort is being expended to determine whether striatal damage is cell-autonomous, non-cell-autonomous, requiring cell-cell and region to region communication, or both. We review data supporting both mechanisms. We also attempt to organize the data into common mechanisms that may arise outside the medium, spiny neuron, but ultimately have their greatest impact in the striatum.

Methylmalonate toxicity in primary neuronal cultures.[Pubmed:9692761]

Neuroscience. 1998 Sep;86(1):279-90.

Several inhibitors of mitochondrial complex II cause neuronal death in vivo and in vitro. The goal of the present work was to characterize in vitro the effects of malonate (a competitive blocker of the complex) which induces neuronal death in a pattern similar to that seen in striatum in Huntington's disease. Exposure of striatal and cortical cultures from embryonic rat brain for 24 h to Methylmalonate, a compound which produces malonate intracellularly, led to a dose-dependent cell death. Methylmalonate (10 mM) caused >90% mortality of neurons although cortical cells were unexpectedly more vulnerable. Cell death was attenuated in a medium containing antioxidants. Further characterization revealed that DNA laddering could be detected after 3 h of treatment. Morphological observations (videomicroscopy and Hoechst staining) showed that both necrotic and apoptotic cell death occurred in parallel; apoptosis was more prevalent. A decrease in the ATP/ADP ratio was observed after 3 h of treatment with 10 mM Methylmalonate. In striatal cultures it occurred concomitantly with a decline in GABA and a rise in aspartate content and the aspartate/glutamate ratio. Changes in ion concentrations were measured in similar cortical cultures from mouse brain. Neuronal [Na+]i increased while [K+]i and membrane potential decreased after 20 min of continuous incubation in 10 mM Methylmalonate. These changes progressed with time, and a rise in [Ca2+]i was also observed after 1 h. The results demonstrate that malonate collapses cellular ion gradients, restoration of which imposes an additional load on the already compromised ATP-generation machinery. An early elevation in [Ca2+]i may trigger an increase in activity of proteases, lipases and endonucleases and production of free radicals and DNA damage which, ultimately, leads to cells death. The data also suggest that maturational and/or extrinsic factors are likely to be critical for the increased vulnerability of striatal neurons to mitochondrial inhibition in vivo.

Description

Methylmalonic acid (Methylmalonate) is an indicator of Vitamin B-12 deficiency in cancer.

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