Tyramine hydrochloride

Novel shampoo reduces hair shedding by contracting the arrector pili muscle via the trace amine-associated receptor.[Pubmed:31264766]

J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019 Dec;18(6):2037-2039.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 40% of women experience excessive hair shedding when washing their hair. Previously, we have demonstrated that a topically applied alpha1 adrenergic receptor agonist can be used to contract the arrector pili muscle of the follicular unit (ie, produce "goose bumps"), increasing the force required to pluck hair by as much as 400%. Subsequently, we reported a topical cosmetic solution containing an alpha1 adrenergic receptor agonist that reduced hair shedding during brushing by a maximum of 77%. AIMS: In this communication, we explore a novel mechanism to contract the arrector pili muscle. Trace amine-associated receptors (TAAR) have been shown to regulate smooth muscle tone in blood vessels, but have not been reported to be present in the skin. Here, we report on the anti-shedding efficacy of a shampoo containing a selective TAAR agonist, Tyramine hydrochloride. METHODS: A single-blinded crossover study was designed to test the efficacy of the novel shampoo versus placebo in reducing hairs lost during brushing. RESULTS: In this study, the novel TAAR shampoo reduced hair shedding during brushing by 31% in a cohort of 24 women with a maximum reduction of 77%. CONCLUSIONS: A shampoo formulated with a selective TAAR agonist was demonstrated to contract the arrector pili muscle and reduce hair shedding subsequent to washing.

Biogenic amines profile and concentration in commercial milks for infants and young children.[Pubmed:30722764]

Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2019 Mar;36(3):337-349.

Commercial milks for infants and young children (CMIYC) received much attention during last years for their impact on the nutritional status, health and development of the new-born and babies. Among possible contaminants contained in these foods, biogenic amines (BAs) have rarely been determined although they can exert toxic effects in humans if ingested at high concentrations. Spermine, spermidine, putrescine, histamine, tyramine, beta-phenylethylamine and cadaverine have been quantified in CMIYC samples by LC-UV after derivatisation with dansyl-chloride. Once optimised in terms of linearity (R(2) >/= 0.989), recovery percentages (92.9-97.3), LOD (0.2-0.4 mug g(-1) or 0.03-0.05 mug mL(-1) depending on the samples), LOQ (0.5-1.0 mug g(-1) and 0.08-0.13 mug mL(-1) depending on the samples) and repeatability (0.1-0.2 intra-day; 0.2-0.4 inter-day), the method has been applied to real samples. Very low total BAs concentrations have been found in reconstituted (1.18-3.12 mg L(-1)) and liquid milks (0.33-2.30 mg L(-1)), with different biogenic amine profiles and distributions. A risk assessment based on the available information regarding Acute Reference Doses of histamine and tyramine, as well as the application of common Biogenic Amine Indexes, showed that none of the analysed samples represented a possible risk for babies, also considering a worst case evaluation. These findings confirmed the strict safety and quality protocols adopted during the production of CMIYC. Chemical compounds studied in this article: Ammonium chloride (PubChem CID: 25517); Cadaverine hydrochloride (PubChem CID: 5351467); Hydrochloridric acid (PubChem CID: 313); Histamine dihydrochloride (PubChem CID: 5818); Phenylethylamine hydrochloride (PubChem CID: 9075); Putrescine dihydrochloride (PubChem CID: 9532); Sodium hydroxide (PubChem CID: 14798); Spermine tetrahydrochloride (PubChem CID: 1103); Spermidine trihydrochloride (PubChem CID: 1102); Tyramine hydrochloride (PubChem CID: 66449).

Enzymatically Disulfide-Crosslinked Chitosan/Hyaluronic Acid Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembled Microcapsules for Redox-Responsive Controlled Release of Protein.[Pubmed:30203959]

ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018 Oct 3;10(39):33493-33506.

Disulfide-crosslinked hollow polyelectrolyte microcapsules composed of thiolated chitosan (CS-SH) and hyaluronic acid (HA-SH) were prepared by combining the layer-by-layer (LBL) technique and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-mediated oxidative cross-linking reaction in mild conditions. FITC-dextran-doped CaCO3 microspheres were used as template core and removed after LBL depositing CS-SH and HA-SH on the surface. The disulfide-crosslinked (CS/HA) microcapsules were readily fabricated by HRP-mediated oxidative coupling of the thiol groups in CS/HA shell layer in the presence of HRP (10 units/mL) and Tyramine hydrochloride (Tyr, 35 mmol/L). The kinetics of enzymatic disulfide-crosslinking reaction was investigated through the real-time monitoring of the consumption of thiol groups by UV absorption spectra. It found that the formation of disulfide linkages by the enzymatic thiol oxidation reaction showed a gradual acceleration. The disulfide-crosslinked CS/HA hydrogel were rapidly formed in gelation time between approximately 17 and 30 min, which were dependent on the concentrations of HRP and Tyr. The disulfide linkages endowed the microcapsule-enhanced physical stability and low permeability under physiological conditions and redox-responsive degradability in reducing environments. The structural stability of disulfide-crosslinked (CS/HA) microcapsules was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy in phosphate-buffered saline containing 5.0 mmol/L dithiothreitol (DTT) to evaluate the redox-responsive disassembly process. Redox-responsive controlled release of encapsulated FITC-dextran from the disulfide-crosslinked (CS/HA) microcapsules were obtained. The release profiles of FITC-dextran could be manipulated by controlling the shell thickness and the concentration of DTT. The conformational stability analyses and more than 94% esterase activity of released bovine serum albumin (BSA) from (CS/HA) microcapsules conformed that the structural integrity and bioactivity were well preserved during the encapsulation and release process. The microcapsules exhibited excellent cytocompatibility for HEK 293 cells up to a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. The microcapsules efficiently delivered loaded FITC-BSA into HeLa cells and released the protein in the reducing cytosol. This study proposed a novel approach for producing disulfide-crosslinked microcarriers for intracellular delivery and redox-responsive controlled release of protein.

An efficient synthesis of trace amine-associated receptor agonist [1-(14) C]tyramine.[Pubmed:30007086]

J Labelled Comp Radiopharm. 2019 Jan;62(1):24-27.

The 2-step synthesis of [1-(14) C]Tyramine hydrochloride is described with the product being characterized by TLC, HPLC, and UV spectroscopy. Several methods are provided to purify [1-(14) C]Tyramine hydrochloride, and its storage and stability are also discussed.

Simultaneous Determination and Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Fuzi Water-Soluble Alkaloids between Normal and Acute Heart Failure Rats by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Method.[Pubmed:28369274]

J Chromatogr Sci. 2017 Aug 1;55(7):719-728.

In order to compare the pharmacokinetics of Fuzi water-soluble alkaloids between normal and acute heart failure rats, an ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method for simultaneous determination of it in rat plasma was developed. Plasma samples were treated by protein precipitation method. Seven water-soluble alkaloids were separated on a CAPCELL column and detected under the optimized chromatography condition. The calibration curves of seven targeted components showed good linearity with r2 > 0.9990 with average recoveries from 82.72 to 103.33% and matrix effect ranged from 90.02 to 104.03%. The intra- and inter-batch relative standard deviations were <10.72%, and the relative error of accuracy was within the range of -12.79-4.44%, respectively. After oral administration, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of it were investigated. Compared with the normal group, the Cmax and AUClast (area under the plasma concentration-time curve from the time of dosing to the time of last quantifiable concentration) of seven components except 3-Methoxy-p-Tyramine hydrochloride were obviously increased with remarkable prolonged t1/2 in acute heart failure group. In conclusion, a rapid, simple and sensitive UPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of seven water-soluble alkaloids in rat plasma was developed and validated for the first time. And the study showed that the disease condition had an impact on pharmacokinetics of Fuzi water-soluble alkaloids in rats in vivo.

Tyramine Hydrochloride Based Label-Free System for Operating Various DNA Logic Gates and a DNA Caliper for Base Number Measurements.[Pubmed:28029728]

Chemphyschem. 2017 Jul 5;18(13):1767-1772.

DNA is believed to be a promising candidate for molecular logic computation, and the fluorogenic/colorimetric substrates of G-quadruplex DNAzyme (G4zyme) are broadly used as label-free output reporters of DNA logic circuits. Herein, for the first time, tyramine-HCl (a fluorogenic substrate of G4zyme) is applied to DNA logic computation and a series of label-free DNA-input logic gates, including elementary AND, OR, and INHIBIT logic gates, as well as a two to one encoder, are constructed. Furthermore, a DNA caliper that can measure the base number of target DNA as low as three bases is also fabricated. This DNA caliper can also perform concatenated AND-AND logic computation to fulfil the requirements of sophisticated logic computing.

Three-step biocatalytic reaction using whole cells for efficient production of tyramine from keratin acid hydrolysis wastewater.[Pubmed:26476652]

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016 Feb;100(4):1691-1700.

Tyramine has been paid more attention in recent years as a significant metabolite of tyrosine and catecholamine drug and an intermediate of medicinal material and some drugs. In this study, an effective, green, and three-step biocatalytic synthesis method for production of tyramine starting from serine in keratin acid hydrolysis wastewater was developed and investigated. Serine deaminase from Escherichia coli was first combined with tyrosine phenol-lyase from Citrobacter koseri, to convert L-serine to L-tyrosine. L-Tyrosine can then be decarboxylated to tyramine by tyrosinede carboxylase from Lactobacillus brevis. All these enzymes originated from recombinant whole cells. Serine deaminaseand tyrosine phenol-lyase could efficiently convert L-serine in wastewater to L-tyrosine at pH 8.0, 37 degrees C, and Triton X-100 of 0.04% when tyrosine phenol-lyase and its corresponding substrates were sequentially added. Tyrosine conversion rate reached 98 % by L-tyrosine decarboxylase. In scale-up study, the conversion yield of L-serine in wastewater to tyrosine was up to 89 %. L-Tyrosine was decarboxylated to tyramine with a high yield 94 %. Tyramine hydrochloride was obtained with a total yield 84 %. This study has provided an efficient way of recycling keratin acid hydrolysis wastewater to produce tyramine.