(20S)-Protopanaxatriol

The roots of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.

(20S)-Protopanaxatriol is a metabolite of ginsenoside, works through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and oestrogen receptor (ER), and is also a LXRα inhibitor and a PPARγ activator.

In Vitro:(20S)-Protopanaxatriol works through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and oestrogen receptor (ER) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). (20S)-Protopanaxatriol (g-PPT) increases [Ca2+]i with an EC50 of 482 nM in HUVECs. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol (1 µM) elevates NO production via ERβ[1]. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol (PPT) inhibits the autonomous transactivation of Gal4-LXRα LBD, the T0901317-dependent transcription of SREBP-1c and its promoter. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol (10 μg/mL) blocks the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the LXRE region of SREBP-1c. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol also inhibits T0901317-dependent transcription of LXRα target genes related to lipogenesis, and reduces T0901317-induced cellular triglyceride (TG) accumulation in primary hepatocytes, but does not alter transcription of ABCA1, also an LXRα target gene[2]. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol (1, 5, 10, 25 μM) increases GAL4/PPARγ transactivating activitys in COS-7 cells. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol (10 μM) induces adipogenesis via expression of aP2, LPL, and PEPCK via PPARγ activation. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol (10, 25 μM) also upregulates GLUT4 expression[3].

References:
[1]. Leung KW, et al. Protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol bind to glucocorticoid and oestrogen receptors in endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2009 Feb;156(4):626-37. [2]. Oh GS, et al. 20(S)-protopanaxatriol inhibits liver X receptor α-mediated expression of lipogenic genes in hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Sci. 2015 Jun;128(2):71-7. [3]. Han KL, et al. Ginsenoside 20S-protopanaxatriol (PPT) activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Jan;29(1):110-3.

Identification of 20(S)-protopanaxatriol metabolites in rats by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.[Pubmed:24184656]

J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2014 Jan;88:497-508.

20(S)-Protopanaxatriol (PPT), one of the aglycones of ginsenosides, has been shown to exert cardioprotective effects against myocardial ischemic injury. However, studies on PPT metabolism have rarely been reported. This study is the first to investigate the in vivo metabolism of PPT following oral administration by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The structures of the metabolites were identified based on the characteristics of their MS data, MS(2) data, and chromatographic retention times. A total of 22 metabolites, including 17 phase I and 5 phase II metabolites, were found and tentatively identified by comparing their mass spectrometry profiles with those of PPT. Two new monooxygenation metabolites, (20S,24S)-epoxy-dammarane-3,6,12,25-tetraol and (20S,24R)-epoxy-dammarane-3,6,12,25-tetraol, were chemicallly synthesized and unambiguously characterized according to the NMR spectroscopic data. The metabolic pathways of PPT were proposed accordingly for the first time. Results revealed that oxidation of (1) double bonds at Delta((24,25)) to form 24,25-epoxides, followed by rearrangement to yield 20,24-oxide forms; and (2) vinyl-methyl at C-26/27 to form corresponding carboxylic acid were the predominant metabolic pathways. Phase II metabolic pathways were proven for the first time to consist of glucuronidation and cysteine conjugation. This study provides valuable and new information on the metabolism of PPT, which is indispensable for understanding the safety and efficacy of PPT, as well as its corresponding ginsenosides.

Effect of 20(S)-protopanaxatriol and its epimeric derivatives on myocardial injury induced by isoproterenol.[Pubmed:21528638]

Arzneimittelforschung. 2011;61(3):148-52.

OBJECTIVE: It was reported Panax ginseng had diverse components and multifaceted pharmacological functions. This study aims to investigate the effect of 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PT, CAS 179799-20-3) and its epimeric derivatives (20S, 24R-epoxy-dammarane-3beta, 6alpha, 12beta, 25-tetraol, PTD1 and 20S, 24S-epoxy-dammarane-3beta, 6alpha, 12beta, 25-tetraol, PTD2) on myocardial injury induced by isoproterenol in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were administered orally 20(S)-protopanaxatriol or its epimeric derivatives for 7 days. Four days after treatment, all rats, except those in the control group, were subcutaneously injected with isoproterenol (20 mg/kg) for 3 consecutive days. Two hours after the last isoproterenol injection, the rats were anaesthetized and sacrificed. The biochemical parameters were assayed and pathological examination of the heart tissues was performed. RESULTS: Administration of PT and PTD1 resulted in a reduction in creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. PT and PTD1 Inhibited not only the elevation of malondialdehyde content, but also the reduction of superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione peroxidase and total antioxIdant capacity. The pathohistological changes induced by isoproterenol were also ameliorated by PT and PTD1. CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that PT and PTD1 exerted cardioprotective effects against myocardial ischemic injury by enhancing the anti-free-radical actions of heart tissues. Furthermore the results indicated that the configuration of C-24 of the funan ring was involved in the phannacological action of the epimeric derivatives of 20(S)-protopanaxatriol.

(20S)-Protopanaxatriol is a metabolite of ginsenoside, works through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and oestrogen receptor (ER), and is also a LXRα inhibitor.

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