ACHP

IC50: 8.5 and 250 nM for IKKβ and IKKα, respectively

ACHP is an IκB kinase inhibitor. Nuclear factor-KB (NF-KB) involved in cell survival and proliferation of multiple myeloma has been well established.

In vitro: ACHP is selective for IKKα and IKKβ over IKK3, Syk and MAPKKK4 (IC50 > 20 μM), DNA binding activity of NF-κB is inhibited. ACHP is an effective blockade NF-κB pathway in multiple myeloma cell lines, and induces cell growth arrest and apoptosis. It was observed that NF-KB is constitutively activated in all human myeloma cell lines, thus confirming the previous studies. In addition, It was found the phosphorylation of p65 subunit of NF-KB besides the phosphorylation of IKBA and the activation of NF-KB DNA binding and that various target genes of NF-KB including bcl-xL, XIAP, c-IAP1, cyclin D1, and IL-6 are up-regulated. 2-amino-6-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-6-hydroxyphenyl]-4-piperidin-4-yl nicotinenitrile (ACHP) is a novel IKB kinase inhibitor. Treatment of myeloma cells with ACHP showed the cell growth was efficiently inhibited (IC50 values ranging from 18 to 35 Mmol/L) concomitantly with inhibition of the phosphorylation of IKBA/p65 and NF-KB DNA-binding, down-regulation of the NF-KB target genes, and then induction of apoptosis. In addition, the treatment of ACHP potentiated the cytotoxic effects of vincristine and melphalan (L-phenylalanine mustard), conventional antimyeloma drugs. These findings suggest that by blocking the antiapoptotic nature of myeloma cells endowed by the constitutive activation of NF-KB, IKB kinase inhibitors such as ACHP can sensitize myeloma cells to the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents.

In vivo: So far, no study in vivo has been conducted.

Clinical trial: Clinical study has been conducted.

Reference:
[1] Sanda T, Iida S, Ogura H, Asamitsu K, Murata T, Bacon KB, Ueda R, Okamoto T.  Growth inhibition of multiple myeloma cells by a novel IkappaB kinase inhibitor. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 1;11(5):1974-82.

The IkappaB kinase inhibitor ACHP strongly attenuates TGFbeta1-induced myofibroblast formation and collagen synthesis.[Pubmed:26337045]

J Cell Mol Med. 2015 Dec;19(12):2780-92.

Excessive accumulation of a collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) by myofibroblasts is a characteristic feature of fibrosis, a pathological state leading to serious organ dysfunction. Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) is a strong inducer of myofibroblast formation and subsequent collagen production. Currently, there are no remedies for the treatment of fibrosis. Activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) pathway by phosphorylating IkappaB with the enzyme IkappaB kinase (IKK) plays a major role in the induction of fibrosis. ACHP {2-Amino-6-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-6-hydroxyphenyl]-4-(4-piperidinyl)-3 pyridinecarbonitrile}, a selective inhibitor of IKK, prohibits the activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. It is not known whether ACHP has potential anti-fibrotic properties. Using adult human dermal and lung fibroblasts we have investigated whether ACHP has the ability to inhibit the TGFbeta1-induced transition of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and its excessive synthesis of ECM. The presence of ACHP strongly suppressed the induction of the myofibroblast markers alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) and SM22alpha, as well as the deposition of the ECM components collagen type I and fibronectin. Furthermore, post-treatment with ACHP partly reversed the expression of alphaSMA and collagen type I production. Finally, ACHP suppressed the expression of the three collagen-modifying enzymes lysyl hydroxylase (PLOD1, PLOD2 and PLOD3) in dermal fibroblasts, but did not do so in lung fibroblasts. We conclude that the IKK inhibitor ACHP has potent antifibrotic properties, and that the NF-kappaB pathway plays an important role in myofibroblast biology.

Growth inhibition of multiple myeloma cells by a novel IkappaB kinase inhibitor.[Pubmed:15756023]

Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 1;11(5):1974-82.

Involvement of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in cell survival and proliferation of multiple myeloma has been well established. In this study we observed that NF-kappaB is constitutively activated in all human myeloma cell lines, thus confirming the previous studies. In addition, we found the phosphorylation of p65 subunit of NF-kappaB in addition to the phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha and the activation of NF-kappaB DNA binding and that various target genes of NF-kappaB including bcl-x(L), XIAP, c-IAP1, cyclin D1, and IL-6 are up-regulated. We then examined the effect of a novel IkappaB kinase inhibitor, 2-amino-6-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-6-hydroxyphenyl]-4-piperidin-4-yl nicotinonitrile (ACHP). When myeloma cells were treated with ACHP, the cell growth was efficiently inhibited with IC(50) values ranging from 18 to 35 mumol/L concomitantly with inhibition of the phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha/p65 and NF-kappaB DNA-binding, down-regulation of the NF-kappaB target genes, and induction of apoptosis. In addition, we observed the treatment of ACHP augmented the cytotoxic effects of vincristine and melphalan (l-phenylalanine mustard), conventional antimyeloma drugs. These findings indicate that IkappaB kinase inhibitors such as ACHP can sensitize myeloma cells to the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents by blocking the antiapoptotic nature of myeloma cells endowed by the constitutive activation of NF-kappaB.