AS 19

AS 19 is a potential 5-HT7 receptor agonist with an IC50 value of 0.83 nM [1].

5-HT7 receptor plays a role in the control of both sleep and circadian rhythms. This receptor may also play a role in other CNS disorders including cognitive disturbances, anxiety and migraine probably via both central and peripheral mechanisms [2].

By signaling through the 5-HT7 receptor, serotonin provides an accessory signal to enhance the activation of the T-cell. Compared with saline-treated controls, the proliferation of T-cell from PCPA-treated mice was significantly reduced. The PCPA inhibition efficacy ranged from approximately 18% to 49%. Addition of exogenous 5-HT at 1 μM completely restored the proliferation of the T-cell. Similar to exogenous 5-HT, addition of AS19 at 1 μM also completely restored T-cell proliferation after 48 hours [4].

SB-258719 is a selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist. When AS-19 at a dose of 10 mg/kg was co-administered with SB-258719 at the same dose, which produced no effect on its own, the anti-hyperalgesic effect of AS-19 was reversed in both hotplate and tail-flick tests. That meant AS-19 exerts anti-hyperalgesic effect via 5-HT7 receptors [3]. SB269970 is also a selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist. Some rats were prepared with a second intrathecal catheter and were pretreated with 7μl SB269970 at a concentration of 5mM. At all time points, AS-19-induced PMF was abolished by SB269970 pretreatment. This meant AS-19 elicited PMF via the activation of 5-HT7 receptor [5].

References:
[1].  Perez-García GS and Meneses A. Effects of the potential 5-HT7 receptor agonist AS 19 in an autoshaping learning task. Behav Brain Res, 2005, 163(1):136-40.
[2].  Thomas DR and Hagan JJ. 5-HT7 Receptors. Current Drug Targets-CNS & Neurological Disorders, 2004, 3(1): 81-90.
[3].  Ulugol A, Oltulu C, Gunduz O, et al. 5-HT7 receptor activation attenuates thermal hyperalgesia in streptozocin-induced diabetic mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2012, 102(2):344-8.
[4].  León-Ponte M, Ahern GP and O'Connell PJ. Serotonin provides an accessory signal to enhance T-cell activation by signaling through the 5-HT7 receptor. Blood, 2007, 109(8):3139-46.
[5].  Hoffman MS and Mitchell GS. Spinal 5-HT7 receptor activation induces long-lasting phrenic motor facilitation. J Physiol, 2011, 589(Pt 6):1397-407.

Characteristics of minerals in vesicles produced by human osteoblasts hFOB 1.19 and osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells stimulated for mineralization.[Pubmed:28380345]

J Inorg Biochem. 2017 Jun;171:100-107.

Bone cells control initial steps of mineralization by producing extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and releasing vesicles that trigger apatite nucleation. Using transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (TEM-EDX) we compared the quality of minerals in vesicles produced by two distinct human cell lines: fetal osteoblastic hFOB 1.19 and osteosarcoma Saos-2. Both cell lines, subjected to osteogenic medium with ascorbic acid (AA) and beta-glycerophosphate (beta-GP), undergo the entire osteoblastic differentiation program from proliferation to mineralization, produce the ECM and spontaneously release vesicles. We observed that Saos-2 cells mineralized better than hFOB 1.19, as probed by Alizarin Red-S (AR-S) staining, tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) activity and by analyzing the composition of minerals in vesicles. Vesicles released from Saos-2 cells contained and were surrounded by more minerals than vesicles released from hFOB 1.19. In addition, there were more F and Cl substituted apatites in vesicles from hFOB 1.19 than in those from Saos-2 cells as determined by ion ratios. Saos-2 and h-FOB 1.19 cells revealed distinct mineralization profiles, indicating that the process of mineralization may proceed differently in various types of cells. Our findings suggest that TNAP activity is correlated with the relative proportions of mineral-filled vesicles and mineral-surrounded vesicles. The origin of vesicles and their properties predetermine the onset of mineralization at the cellular level.

Is MPP a good prognostic factor in stage III lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR exon 19 mutation?[Pubmed:28380449]

Oncotarget. 2017 Jun 20;8(25):40594-40605.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane glycoprotein encoded by a gene located in the short arm of chromosome 7. This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics of classic EGFR exon mutation in Chinese patients with TMN stage III lung adenocarcinoma who received radical surgery. A total of 1,801 lung adenocarcinomas were analyzed for mutations in EGFR; 35% exhibited mutation of classic EGFR exons. Clinical and pathologic characteristics of patients with EGFR exon 19 mutation were compared with those who harbored EGFR exon 21 mutation. Patients with EGFR exon 19 mutation had a higher overall survival (OS, p=0.023) than those harboring EGFR exon 21 mutation. Our results demonstrated that patients with a micropapillary pattern (MPP) pathologic type in EGFR exon 19 mutation had a higher OS (p=0.022), and patients with exon 19 mutation were more sensitive to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (p=0.032). The results of the current study can be used in decision-making regarding the treatment of patients with classic EGFR exon mutations.

Chenodeoxycholic acid stimulated fibroblast growth factor 19 response - a potential biochemical test for bile acid diarrhoea.[Pubmed:28378364]

Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Jun;45(11):1433-1442.

BACKGROUND: Bile acid diarrhoea is underdiagnosed and better diagnostic tests are needed. Fasting serum fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19) has insufficient diagnostic value, but this may be improved by stimulation. AIM: To explore if an impaired FGF19 response identifies primary bile acid diarrhoea. METHODS: Eight patients with primary bile acid diarrhoea and eight healthy volunteers ingested (i) a meal plus 1250 mg chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), (ii) 1250 mg CDCA or (iii) the meal. Blood was sampled at fasting and repeatedly after stimulation. We analysed FGF19 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and bile acids including 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Stimulation with the meal plus CDCA increased median FGF19 in healthy volunteers from fasting 62 pg/mL [interquartile range (IQR): 41-138] to 99 pg/mL (IQR: 67-147; P = 0.012) after 90 min and peaked after 150 min at 313 pg/mL (IQR: 54-512). This response was impaired in primary bile acid diarrhoea patients [fasting 56 pg/mL (IQR: 42-79); 90 min: 48 pg/mL [IQR: 37-63); 150 min: 57 pg/mL (48-198)]. Receiver operating characteristics (ROCAUC ) for fasting FGF19 was 0.55 (P = 0.75) and at 90 min 0.84 (P = 0.02). The difference in FGF19 from fasting to 90 min after the meal plus CDCA separated the groups (ROCAUC 1.0; P = 0.001). 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one was elevated in primary bile acid diarrhoea (P = 0.038) and not significantly affected by stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: The FGF19 response following chenodeoxycholic acid plus meal is impaired in primary bile acid diarrhoea. This may provide a biochemical diagnostic test.

The role of 5-hydroxytryptamine 7 receptors in the phencyclidine-induced novel object recognition deficit in rats.[Pubmed:21558435]

J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2011 Aug;338(2):605-14.

The role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (5-HT)(7) receptor antagonism in the actions of atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs), e.g., amisulpride, clozapine, and lurasidone, if any, is uncertain. We examined the ability of 5-HT(7) receptor antagonism alone and as a component of amisulpride and lurasidone to reverse deficits in rat novel object recognition (NOR) produced by subchronic treatment with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP), and we examined the ability of supplemental 5-HT(7) antagonism to augment the inability of sulpiride, haloperidol, and (1R,4R,5S,6R)-4-amino-2-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY379268), a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) 2/3 agonist, which lack 5-HT(7) antagonism, to reverse the NOR deficit. The 5-HT(7) receptor antagonist, (2R)-1-[(3-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-2-[2-(4-methyl-1-piperidinyl)ethyl]pyrrolidine (SB269970) (0.1-1 mg/kg) dose-dependently reversed PCP-induced NOR deficits. In addition, the ability of lurasidone (0.1 mg/kg) and amisulpride (3 mg/kg) to reverse this deficit was blocked by cotreatment with the 5-HT(7) receptor agonist (2S)-(+)-5-(1,3,5-trimethylpyrazol-4-yl)-2-(dimethylamino)tetralin (AS19) (5-10 mg/kg), which did not affect NOR in naive rats. Sulpiride, a less potent 5-HT(7) antagonist than amisulpride, did not itself improve the PCP-induced NOR deficit. However, a subeffective dose of SB269970 (0.1 mg/kg) in combination with subeffective doses of lurasidone (0.03 mg/kg), amisulpride (1 mg/kg), or sulpiride (20 mg/kg), also reversed the PCP-induced NOR deficit. Pimavanserin, a 5-HT(2A) inverse agonist, LY379268, and haloperidol did not potentiate the ability of subeffective SB269970 to improve the NOR deficit. Furthermore, the mGluR2/3 antagonist (2S)-2-amino-2-[(1S,2S)-2-carboxycycloprop-1-yl]-3-(xanth-9-yl)propanoic acid (LY341495), which blocks the effect of clozapine to reverse the NOR deficit, did not block the SB269970-induced amelioration of the NOR deficit. These results suggest 5-HT(7) antagonism may contribute to the efficacy of some atypical APDs in the treatment of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and may itself have some benefit in this regard.

An mRNA expression analysis of stimulation and blockade of 5-HT7 receptors during memory consolidation.[Pubmed:16480781]

Behav Brain Res. 2006 Apr 25;169(1):83-92.

Despite the compelling support for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors participation in learning and memory in mammal species, the molecular basis had been largely absent from any discussion of its mechanistic underpinnings. Here, we report that reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that there was a higher level of expression of the investigated 5-HT receptor mRNAs in autoshaping-trained relative to untrained groups. Actually, pharmacological naive untrained and autoshaping-trained rats showed significant differences, the latter groups expressing, in decreasing order, 5-HT1A < 5-HT6 < 5-HT4 < or = 5-HT7 receptors mRNA in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In order to determine more precisely mRNA expression and memory consolidation, we combined selective 5-HT7 receptors stimulation or blockade in the same animals, and brain areas individually analyzed. 5-HT7 receptors were strongly expressed in all the three brain areas of vehicle-trained rats relative to untrained group. The potential selective 5-HT7 receptor agonist AS 19 enhanced memory consolidation, attenuated mRNA receptors expression, and the facilitatory memory effect was reversed by SB-269970. Finally, pharmacological stimulation of 5-HT7 receptors reversed scopolamine- or dizocilpine-induced amnesia and receptor down-regulation.

Effects of the potential 5-HT7 receptor agonist AS 19 in an autoshaping learning task.[Pubmed:15936093]

Behav Brain Res. 2005 Aug 30;163(1):136-40.

This work aimed to evaluate further the role of 5-HT7 receptors during memory formation in an autoshaping Pavlovian/instrumental learning task. Post-training administration of the potential 5-HT7 receptor agonist AS 19 or antagonist SB-269970 enhanced memory formation or had no effect, respectively. The AS 19 facilitatory effect was reversed by SB-269970, but not by the selective 5-HT1A antagonist WAY100635. Amnesia induced by scopolamine (cholinergic antagonist) or dizocilpine (NMDA antagonist) was also reversed by AS 19. Certainly, reservations regarding the selectivity of AS 19 for 5-HT7 and other 5-HT receptors in vivo are noteworthy and, therefore, its validity for use in animal models as a pharmacological tool. Having mentioned that, it should be noticed that together these data are providing further support to the notion of the 5-HT7 receptors role in memory formation. Importantly, this 5-HT7 receptor agonist AS 19 appears to represent a step forward respect to the notion that potent and selective 5-HT7 receptor agonists can be useful in the treatment of dysfunctional memory in aged-related decline and Alzheimer's disease.

AS19 is a potent, selective 5-HT7 receptor agonist with an IC50 value of 0.83 nM and a Ki of 0.6 nM. AS19 is selective for 5-HT7 over 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, and 5-HT5A receptors (Kis = 89.7 nM, 490 nM, 6.6 nM and 98.5 nM, respectively). AS19 enhances memory consolidation and reverses Scopolamine- or Dizocilpine-induced amnesia.

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