Butylparaben

The herbs of Nelumbo nucifera

Butylparaben is an organic compound, has proven to be a highly successful antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics, also used in medication suspensions, and as a flavoring additive in food.

Evaluation of polar organic chemical integrative and hollow fibre samplers for the determination of a wide variety of organic polar compounds in seawater.[Pubmed:29759229]

Talanta. 2018 Aug 1;185:469-476.

The calibration of two passive samplers for the determination of 20 emerging organic compounds in seawater is described in this work: i) a new version of polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) containing 100mg of mixed-mode anion exchanger (Strata X-AW) and 100mg of polymeric HLB (Plexa) sorbent materials and using a highly porous Nylon membrane (30-mum pore size) and ii) polyethersulfone (PES) hollow fibre. Among the studied contaminants, herbicides, hormones, life style products (stimulants and artificial sweeteners), industrial chemicals (corrosion inhibitor and fluorinated compounds), personal care products and several pharmaceuticals were included. In the case of POCIS, both the sorbents and the Nylon membranes were extracted and analysed independently. The calibration set up consisted on a continuous-flow tank that was fed with a continuous flow of seawater (2L/h) and a stock mixture of contaminants (20mL/h), assuring a nominal concentration of ~ 600ng/L (each analyte) in the tank. The uptake was linear in POCIS sorbent and Nylon membranes but exponential for PES hollow fibres. Furthermore, the highest sampling rates (Rs) values were obtained in POCIS sorbent (between 2.7 for acetaminophen and 491mL/day for perfluoro-n-octanoic acid, PFOA) followed by Nylon membranes (between 3.6 for OBT and 50mL/day for telmisartan) and the lowest were those from PES fibres (between 1.7 for bezafibrate and 157mL/day for Butylparaben). Additionally, five deuterated compounds ([(2)H5]-atrazine, [(2)H3]-amitriptyline, [(2)H7]-irbesartan, [(2)H3]-ketoprofen and [(2)H9]-progesterone) were studied as candidates for performance reference compounds (PRCs) in both POCIS and PES, and though [(2)H5]-atrazine, [(2)H9]-progesterone and [(2)H3]-amitriptyline showed acceptable results in the case of POCIS, only [(2)H5]-atrazine provided a good validation. In the case of PES fibres, the PRC corrections did not provide acceptable results due to a low dissipation of the PRCs. Finally, POCIS were deployed in two sites of the low part of the estuary of Bilbao (northern Spain) from where water samples were also taken and analysed. As a result, in addition to the overall good agreement between the passive and active samplings, passive samplers allowed the determination of several compounds that were below the detection limits in the active sampling.

A miniaturized monolith-MWCNTs-COOH multi-stir-rod microextractor device for trace parabens determination in cosmetic and personal care products.[Pubmed:29674065]

Talanta. 2018 Jul 1;184:429-436.

A portable and simple microextractor device was constructed by aligning six miniaturized multi-stir-rod microextractors. Each microextractor was prepared from rod-like multiwalled carbon nanotubes functionalized with a carboxylic group (MWCNTs-COOH) in composite monoliths that were bundled together and connected to a small DC motor. Using six of these microextractors, the device could extract six samples at the same time. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed the MWCNTs-COOH well distributed throughout the highly porous structure of the monolith-MWCNTs-COOH-stir-rod. This miniaturized multi-stir-rod microextractor device was used for the extraction of four parabens, methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP) and Butylparaben (BP). Under optimized conditions, good linearities were obtained in the concentration range of 1.0ngmL(-1) to 1.0microgmL(-1) for MP and EP and 2.0ngmL(-1) to 1.0microgmL(-1) for PP and BP. The limits of detection were low, 636.2+/-7.6pgmL(-1) for MP, 675.5+/-6.0pgmL(-1) for EP, 676.6+/-8.6pgmL(-1) for PP and 803.4+/-9.6pgmL(-1) for BP. The developed microextractor could be used up to 15 times (%RSDs from 1.5 to 5.2) and also provided good preparation reproducibility (%RSD from 1.3 to 5.8, n=6). The % RSDs of intra-day (n=6) and inter-day (n=6) precisions were obtained from 1.10-7.79 and 1.96-7.55, respectively. This developed device coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was applied for the extraction and preconcentration of four parabens in personal care products and cosmetics. The recoveries were studied by spiking the standard solution of parabens in real samples. Good recoveries were obtained in the range of 89.0+/-2.7 to 102.7+/-1.8% for MP, 88.09+/-6.4 to 102.5+/-1.0% for EP, 83.4+/-6.4 to 102.9+/-1.5% for PP and 83.5+/-3.6 to 102.3+/-2.0% for BP. This developed device might be easily applied for the extraction and preconcentration of other trace organic compounds in sample matrices.

Parabens generate reactive oxygen species in human spermatozoa.[Pubmed:29722171]

Andrology. 2018 Jul;6(4):532-541.

Parabens are used as antimicrobial preservative agent in many commercial products including cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Weak oestrogenic and antiandrogenic activities have been attributed to parabens in in vitro and in vivo studies. In this study, human spermatozoa were exposed to different concentrations of an equimolar paraben mixture containing methyl, ethyl, propyl and Butylparaben as well as to methylparaben alone at a concentration that is typical of commercially available vaginal lubricants. The induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage was then assessed at different time points. Our results demonstrate that the paraben mixture was capable of stimulating the generation of mitochondrial and cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting sperm motility and viability in a dose-dependent manner. The ability of individual parabens to activate ROS generation and induce oxidative DNA damage was related to alkyl chain length. At the concentration used clinically, methylparaben inhibited sperm motility after both 2 and 5 h exposure (p < 0.05) and affected cell viability (p < 0.01) while augmenting ROS production and oxidative DNA damage. However, DNA fragmentation was not evident following methylparaben exposure. Based on these results, we conclude that, at the concentrations used in commercially available formulations, parabens may impair sperm motility, enhance the generation of mitochondrial ROS and stimulate the formation of oxidative DNA adducts. Taken together, these data underline the potential cytotoxic and genotoxic impact of such compounds in a clinical setting.

Biodegradation of four selected parabens with aerobic activated sludge and their transesterification product.[Pubmed:29529513]

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2018 Jul 30;156:48-55.

Parabens are preservatives widely used in foodstuffs, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, which have led to elevated paraben concentrations in wastewater and receiving waters. Laboratory-scale batch experiments were conducted to investigate the adsorption and degradation of parabens in an aerobic activated sludge system. Results show that biodegradation plays a key role in removing parabens from the aerobic system of wastewater treatment plants, while adsorption on the sludge is not significant. The effects of parent paraben concentration, concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), initial pH and temperature on degradation were investigated using kinetic models. The data shows that the degradation of parabens could be described by the first-order kinetic model with the rate constant ranging from 0.10 to 0.88h(-1) at 25 degrees C and pH 7.0. Paraben degradation can be enhanced by increasing the MLSS concentration and temperature, or by decreasing the parent paraben concentration. Furthermore, the pH of the incubation system should be lower than 8.0. The half-lives of the parabens were estimated to range between 0.79 and 6.9h, with methylparaben exhibiting the slowest degradation rate. During degradation in the present system, transesterification occurred, with methylparaben being the major transformation product in the incubation systems of ethylparaben, propylparaben and Butylparaben. These results were confirmed by mass spectrometry and aliphatic alcohol additive experiments. This is the first discovery of paraben transesterification in an activated sludge system, and it is associated with trace methanol in the system.

Lab-on-a-Valve Mesofluidic Platform for On-Chip Handling of Carbon-Coated Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes in a Disposable Microsolid Phase-Extraction Mode.[Pubmed:29490460]

Anal Chem. 2018 Apr 3;90(7):4783-4791.

Mesofluidic lab-on-a-valve (LOV) platforms have been proven suitable to accommodate automatic micro-solid-phase extraction (muSPE) approaches with on-chip handling of micrometer-bead materials in a fully disposable mode to prevent sample cross-contamination and pressure-drop effects. The efficiency of the extraction process notably depends upon the sorptive capacity of the material because the sorbent mass is usually down to 10 mg in LOV devices. Nanomaterials, capitalizing upon their enhanced surface-to-volume ratio and diversity of potential chemical moieties, are appealing alternatives to microbead sorbents. However, the handling and confinement of nanomaterials in fluidic chip structures have been challenging to date. This is most likely a consequence of the aggregation tendency of a number of nanomaterials, including carbon-based sorbents, that leads to excessive back-pressure in flowing systems along with irreproducible bead loading. This paper addresses these challenges by ad hoc synthesis of hybrid nanomaterials, such as porous carbon-coated titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2-NT@pC). Tailoring of the surface polarity of the carbon coating is proven to foster the dispersion of TiO2-NT@pC in LOV settings while affording superior extraction capability of moderately nonpolar species from aqueous matrices. The determination of trace-level concentrations of Butylparaben (BPB) and triclosan (TCS) in seawater samples is herein selected as a proof-of-concept of the exploitation of disposable nanomaterials in LOV. The mesofluidic platform accommodating muSPE features online hyphenation to liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) for reliable determination of the target analytes with excellent limits of detection (0.5 and 0.6 ng/L for BPB and TCS, respectively) and intermediate precision (relative standard deviation <5.8%). For 5.0 mL of sample and 200 muL of eluent, enrichment factors of 23 and 14 with absolute extraction efficiencies of 90% +/- 14% and 58 +/- 8% for BPB and TCS, respectively, were obtained. The relative recovery values of 107% (BPB) and 97% (TCS) in seawater demonstrate the applicability of online LOV-LC/MS/MS using TiO2-NT@pC for handling troublesome environmental samples.

Six months exposure to a real life mixture of 13 chemicals' below individual NOAELs induced non monotonic sex-dependent biochemical and redox status changes in rats.[Pubmed:29621577]

Food Chem Toxicol. 2018 May;115:470-481.

This study assessed the potential adverse health effects of long-term low-dose exposure to chemical mixtures simulating complex real-life human exposures. Four groups of Sprague Dawley rats were administered mixtures containing carbaryl, dimethoate, glyphosate, methomyl, methyl parathion, triadimefon, aspartame, sodium benzoate, calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetra-acetate, ethylparaben, Butylparaben, bisphenol A, and acacia gum at doses of 0, 0.25, 1 or 5 times the respective Toxicological Reference Values (TRV): acceptable daily intake (ADI) or tolerable daily intake (TDI) in a 24 weeks toxicity study. Body weight gain, feed and water consumption were evaluated weekly. At 24 weeks blood was collected and biochemistry parameters and redox status markers were assessed. Adverse effects were observed on body weight gain and in hepatotoxic parameters such as the total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), especially in low dose and affecting mainly male rats. The low dose group showed increased catalase activity both in females and males, whereas the high dose group exhibited decreased protein carbonyl and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels in both sex groups. Non-monotonic effects and adaptive responses on liver function tests and redox status, leading to non-linear dose-responses curves, are probably produced by modulation of different mechanisms.

Pancreatic beta cells are a sensitive target of embryonic exposure to butylparaben in zebrafish (Danio rerio).[Pubmed:29516647]

Birth Defects Res. 2018 Jul 3;110(11):933-948.

BACKGROUND: Butylparaben (butyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid) is a common cosmetic and pharmaceutical preservative reported to induce oxidative stress and endocrine disruption. Embryonic development is sensitive to oxidative stress, with redox potentials playing critical roles in progenitor cell fate decisions. Because pancreatic beta cells have been reported to have low antioxidant gene expression, they may be sensitive targets of oxidative stress. We tested the hypotheses that Butylparaben causes oxidative stress in the developing embryo, and that pancreatic beta cells are a sensitive target of Butylparaben embryotoxicity. METHODS: Transgenic insulin:GFP zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) were treated daily with 0, 250, 500, 1,000, and 3,000 nM Butylparaben. Pancreatic islet and whole embryo development were examined though 7 days postfertilization, and gene expression was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Glutathione (GSH) and cysteine redox content were measured at 28 hr postfertilization using HPLC. RESULTS: Butylparaben exposure caused intestinal effusion, pericardial edema, and accelerated yolk utilization. At 250 nM, beta cell area increased by as much as 55%, and increased incidence of two aberrant morphologies were observed-fragmentation of the islet cluster and ectopic beta cells. Butylparaben concentrations of 500 and 1,000 nM increased GSH by 10 and 40%, respectively. Butylparaben exposure downregulated transcription factor pdx1, as well as genes involved in GSH synthesis, while upregulating GSH-disulfide reductase (gsr). CONCLUSIONS: The endocrine pancreas is a sensitive target of embryonic exposure to Butylparaben, which also causes developmental deformities and perturbs redox conditions in the embryo.

Survey of selected personal care products in surface water of coral reefs in Kenting National Park, Taiwan.[Pubmed:29710583]

Sci Total Environ. 2018 Sep 1;635:1302-1307.

Kenting National Park (KNP) located in the Hengchun Peninsula in southern Taiwan is a popular tourist spot, annually attracting millions of visitors, who engage in water sport and amusement activities. In this region, sewage is directly discharged into the marine environment. In this study, the concentrations of five organic UV filters [benzophenone (BP), 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenone (BP-1), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone (BP-3), 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone (BP-8), and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor], five preservatives [methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben, propylparaben (PrP), Butylparaben, and benzylparaben], one disinfectant [triclosan (TCS)], and twenty-four detergent derivatives [nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol ethoxylates (NP2EO-NP12EO), octylphenol (OP) and octylphenol ethoxylates OP2EO-OP12EO] were detected in seawater and river water samples collected from eight beaches in KNP and two major river estuaries in the Hengchun Peninsula. BP-3 was detected at all sampling sites and was higher in concentration than the other organic UV filters. The highest concentration of BP-3 was 1233ng/L collected from Wanlitong Beach. MeP and PrP were the main preservative components in seawater. The highest total content of preservative agents was 164ng/L collected from Houwan Beach. Moreover, NP was detected at all sampling sites, with the highest concentration found at Sail Rock Beach (26.5ng/L). The highest concentration of OP was 113ng/L in the Boli River estuary. The widespread use of personal care products (PCPs) has resulted in the release of their major ingredients into natural ecosystems. Therefore, the potential long-term effects of multi-PCPs at low concentration exposure to on the coral reef ecosystem in KNP must be considered and monitored.

Butylparaben is an organic compound, has proven to be a highly successful antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics, also used in medication suspensions, and as a flavoring additive in food.

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