GS-9973

Syk inhibitor, orally bioavailable and selective CAS# 1229208-44-9

GS-9973

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Chemical structure

GS-9973

3D structure

Chemical Properties of GS-9973

Cas No. 1229208-44-9 SDF Download SDF
PubChem ID 59473233 Appearance Powder
Formula C23H21N7O M.Wt 411.46
Type of Compound N/A Storage Desiccate at -20°C
Synonyms Entospletinib
Solubility DMSO : ≥ 43 mg/mL (104.51 mM)
*"≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.
Chemical Name 6-(1H-indazol-6-yl)-N-(4-morpholin-4-ylphenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-8-amine
SMILES C1COCCN1C2=CC=C(C=C2)NC3=NC(=CN4C3=NC=C4)C5=CC6=C(C=C5)C=NN6
Standard InChIKey XSMSNFMDVXXHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Standard InChI InChI=1S/C23H21N7O/c1-2-17-14-25-28-20(17)13-16(1)21-15-30-8-7-24-23(30)22(27-21)26-18-3-5-19(6-4-18)29-9-11-31-12-10-29/h1-8,13-15H,9-12H2,(H,25,28)(H,26,27)
General tips For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months.
We recommend that you prepare and use the solution on the same day. However, if the test schedule requires, the stock solutions can be prepared in advance, and the stock solution must be sealed and stored below -20℃. In general, the stock solution can be kept for several months.
Before use, we recommend that you leave the vial at room temperature for at least an hour before opening it.
About Packaging 1. The packaging of the product may be reversed during transportation, cause the high purity compounds to adhere to the neck or cap of the vial.Take the vail out of its packaging and shake gently until the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial.
2. For liquid products, please centrifuge at 500xg to gather the liquid to the bottom of the vial.
3. Try to avoid loss or contamination during the experiment.
Shipping Condition Packaging according to customer requirements(5mg, 10mg, 20mg and more). Ship via FedEx, DHL, UPS, EMS or other couriers with RT, or blue ice upon request.

Biological Activity of GS-9973

DescriptionGS-9973 is an orally bioavailable, selective inhibitor of Syk with IC50 value of 7.7 nM.
TargetsSyk    
IC507.7 nM     

Protocol

Kinase Assay [1]
Full-length baculovirus-expressed Syk kinase activity is measured in a Lance-based assay format in a final volume of 25 μL containing 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 5 mM β-glycerophosphate, 2 mM DTT, 0.1 mM Na3VO4, 10 mM MgCl2, 0.5 μM Promega PTK biotinylated peptide substrate 1, 0.01% casein, 0.01% Triton X-100, 0.25% glycerol, and 40 mM ATP (Km for ATP) incubated at room temperature for 60 min. Reactions are stopped with the addition of 30 mM EDTA containing 30 μL of SA-APC and 4 nM PT-66 antibody and the plates measured on a Perkin-Elmer Envision. IC50 values for test compounds are determined using a four-parameter linear regression algorithm.

Cell Assay [1]
Functional impact on cellular Flt3 activity is determined by measuring compound inhibition of MV-4-11 cell proliferation. A total of 104 cells are diluted in RPMI medium containing 10% FBS in 96-well flat-bottomed tissue culture plates and incubated with compound dilutions for 72 h at 37°C. Alamar blue (10%) is added to the cells, which are incubated for an additional 12-18 h at 37°C, and inhibition of the relative cell numbers is determined by spectrophotometer readings at 570/600 nm.

Animal Administration [1]
Female Lewis rats (mean mass 178 g, eight per group for collagen arthritis, four per group for normal controls) are anesthetized with isoflurane and injected with 300 μL of Freund’s incomplete adjuvant containing 2 mg/mL bovine type II collagen at the base of the tail and two sites on the back on days 0 and 6. Oral dosing (bid at 12 h intervals) is performed on arthritic days 0-7 with vehicle (Cremophor/ethanol/saline), GS-9973 (1, 3, or 10 mg/kg), or the reference compound dexamethasone (Dex; 0.075 mg/kg) administered daily (qd). Rats are terminated on arthritis day 16. Efficacy evaluation is based on animal body masses, daily ankle caliper measurements, ankle diameters expressed as the area under the curve (AUC), terminal hind paw masses, and histopathologic evaluation of ankles and knees. PK is measured from plasma samples taken 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h post last dose. The paws are fixed in formalin and processed for hemotoxylin (H) and eosin (E) microscopy. H and E sections are scored for bone resorption as follows: (0) normal; (0.5) normal on low magnification but have the earliest hint of small areas of resorption in the metaphysis with no resorption in the tarsal bones; (1) (minimal) small definite areas of resorption in distal tibial trabecular or cortical bone or in the tarsal bones, not readily apparent on low magnification, rare osteoclasts; (2) (mild) more numerous areas (<25% loss of bone in growth plate area) of resorption in distal tibial trabecular or cortical bone and tarsals apparent on low magnification, osteoclasts more numerous; (3) (moderate) obvious resorption of medullary trabecular and cortical bone without full thickness defects in both distal tibial cortices, loss of some medullary trabeculae with 26-50% loss across the growth plate and cortices, some loss in tarsal bones, lesion apparent on low magnification, osteoclasts more numerous; (4) (marked) full or nearly full thickness defects in both distal tibial cortices, often with distortion of the profile of the remaining cortical surface, marked loss of medullary bone of distal tibia (50-100% loss across the growth plate area and cortices and up to 50% loss in small tarsals if minor in tibia), numerous osteoclasts, minor to mild resorption in smaller tarsal bones; (5) (severe) full thickness defects in both distal tibial cortices with >75% loss across the growth plate and both cortices and >50% loss in tarsals, often with distortion of the profile of the remaining cortical surface, marked loss of medullary bone of distal tibia, numerous osteoclasts. Osteoclast counts (5400× fields) are performed on the ankles in the areas of greatest bone resorption. For statistical analysis, the ankle thicknesses, bone erosion scores, osteoclast counts, and c-fos expression values (mean±SE) are analyzed for group differences using the Student’s t test.

References:
[1]. Currie KS, et al. Discovery of GS-9973, a Selective and Orally Efficacious Inhibitor of Spleen Tyrosine Kinase. J Med Chem. 2014 May 8;57(9):3856-73. [2]. Burke RT, et al. A potential therapeutic strategy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia by combining Idelalisib and GS-9973, a novel spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor. Oncotarget. 2014 Feb 28;5(4):908-15.

GS-9973 Dilution Calculator

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GS-9973 Molarity Calculator

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Preparing Stock Solutions of GS-9973

1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 20 mg 25 mg
1 mM 2.4304 mL 12.1518 mL 24.3037 mL 48.6074 mL 60.7592 mL
5 mM 0.4861 mL 2.4304 mL 4.8607 mL 9.7215 mL 12.1518 mL
10 mM 0.243 mL 1.2152 mL 2.4304 mL 4.8607 mL 6.0759 mL
50 mM 0.0486 mL 0.243 mL 0.4861 mL 0.9721 mL 1.2152 mL
100 mM 0.0243 mL 0.1215 mL 0.243 mL 0.4861 mL 0.6076 mL
* Note: If you are in the process of experiment, it's necessary to make the dilution ratios of the samples. The dilution data above is only for reference. Normally, it's can get a better solubility within lower of Concentrations.

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Background on GS-9973

GS-9973 is a selective inhibitor of Syk with IC50 value of 7.7 nM [1].

Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that is expressed mainly in hematopoietic cells and acts as a mediator of immunoreceptor signaling. Syk can be used for therapy of autoimmune, oncology indications and allergy [1].

GS-9973 is an orally bioavailable and selective Syk inhibitor. GS-9973 showed good absorption potential and high bioavailability. In monocytes, GS-9973 inhibited immune-complex-stimulated cytokine production and BCR-mediated proliferation and activation of B-cells [1]. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, GS-9973 significantly reduced pAkt and ribosomal S6 phosphorylation. These results suggested that GS-9973 inhibited B-cell receptor (BCR) mediated signaling pathways. In CLL samples, the combination of GS-9973 and idelalisib synergistically reduced CLL cell viability [2].

In chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients, GS-9973 inhibited adenopathy and reduced lymph node [3].

References:
[1].  Currie KS, Kropf JE, Lee T, et al. Discovery of GS-9973, a selective and orally efficacious inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase. J Med Chem, 2014, 57(9): 3856-3873.
[2].  Burke RT1, Meadows S, Loriaux MM, et al. A potential therapeutic strategy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia by combining Idelalisib and GS-9973, a novel spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor. Oncotarget, 2014, 5(4): 908-915.
[3].  Sharman J, Hawkins M, Kolibaba K, et al. An open-label phase 2 trial of entospletinib (GS-9973), a selective spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 2015, 125(15): 2336-2343.

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References on GS-9973

An open-label phase 2 trial of entospletinib (GS-9973), a selective spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.[Pubmed:25696919]

Blood. 2015 Apr 9;125(15):2336-43.

Small-molecule inhibitors of kinases involved in B-cell receptor signaling are an important advance in managing lymphoid malignancies. Entospletinib (GS-9973) is an oral, selective inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase. This multicenter, phase 2 study enrolled subjects with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL; n = 41) or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 145). Participants received 800 mg entospletinib twice daily. We report efficacy outcomes in the CLL cohort (n = 41) and safety outcomes in all cohorts (N = 186). The primary end point was a progression-free survival (PFS) rate at 24 weeks in subjects with CLL. The PFS rate at 24 weeks was 70.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 51.3%-82.7%); median PFS was 13.8 months (95% CI, 7.7 months to not reached). The objective response rate was 61.0% (95% CI, 44.5%-75.8%), including 3 subjects (7.3%) who achieved nodal response with persistent lymphocytosis. Fifty-four subjects (29.0%) had serious adverse events (SAEs). The most common treatment-emergent SAEs included dyspnea, pneumonia, febrile neutropenia, dehydration, and pyrexia. Common grade 3/4 laboratory abnormalities included neutropenia (14.5%) and reversible alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase elevations (13.4%). Entospletinib demonstrates clinical activity in subjects with relapsed or refractory CLL with acceptable toxicity. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01799889.

A potential therapeutic strategy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia by combining Idelalisib and GS-9973, a novel spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor.[Pubmed:24659719]

Oncotarget. 2014 Feb 28;5(4):908-15.

Agents that target B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling in lymphoid malignancies including idelalisib (GS-1101) and fostamatinib which inhibit the delta isoform of PI3 kinase (PI3Kd) and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) respectively have shown significant clinical activity. By disrupting B-cell signaling pathways, idelalisib treatment has been associated with a dramatic lymph node response, but eradication of disease and relapse in high risk disease remain challenges. Targeting the BCR signaling pathway with simultaneous inhibition of PI3Kd and Syk has not yet been reported. We evaluated the pre-clinical activity of idelalisib combined with the novel and selective Syk inhibitor GS-9973 in primary peripheral blood and bone marrow Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) samples. Both PI3Kd and Syk inhibition reduced CLL survival and in combination induced synergistic growth inhibition and further disrupted chemokine signaling at nanomolar concentrations including in bone marrow derived and poor risk samples. Simultaneous targeting of these kinases may significantly increase clinical activity.

Discovery of GS-9973, a selective and orally efficacious inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase.[Pubmed:24779514]

J Med Chem. 2014 May 8;57(9):3856-73.

Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is an attractive drug target in autoimmune, inflammatory, and oncology disease indications. The most advanced Syk inhibitor, R406, 1 (or its prodrug form fostamatinib, 2), has shown efficacy in multiple therapeutic indications, but its clinical progress has been hampered by dose-limiting adverse effects that have been attributed, at least in part, to the off-target activities of 1. It is expected that a more selective Syk inhibitor would provide a greater therapeutic window. Herein we report the discovery and optimization of a novel series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine Syk inhibitors. This work culminated in the identification of GS-9973, 68, a highly selective and orally efficacious Syk inhibitor which is currently undergoing clinical evaluation for autoimmune and oncology indications.

The kinase inhibitors R406 and GS-9973 impair T cell functions and macrophage-mediated anti-tumor activity of rituximab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients.[Pubmed:28011996]

Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2017 Apr;66(4):461-473.

Small molecules targeting kinases involved in B cell receptor signaling are showing encouraging clinical activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. Fostamatinib (R406) and entospletinib (GS-9973) are ATP-competitive inhibitors designed to target spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) that have shown clinical activity with acceptable toxicity in trials with CLL patients. Preclinical studies with these inhibitors in CLL have focused on their effect in patient-derived leukemic B cells. In this work we show that clinically relevant doses of R406 and GS-9973 impaired the activation and proliferation of T cells from CLL patients. This effect could not be ascribed to Syk-inhibition given that we show that T cells from CLL patients do not express Syk protein. Interestingly, zeta-chain-associated protein kinase (ZAP)-70 phosphorylation was diminished by both inhibitors upon TCR stimulation on T cells. In addition, we found that both agents reduced macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of rituximab-coated CLL cells. Overall, these results suggest that in CLL patients treated with R406 or GS-9973 T cell functions, as well as macrophage-mediated anti-tumor activity of rituximab, might be impaired. The potential consequences for CLL-treated patients are discussed.

Description

Entospletinib (GS-9973) is an orally bioavailable, selective Syk inhibitor with an IC50 of 7.7 nM.

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