Geniposide

1 Cornus sp. 2 Eucommia sp. 3 Euphrasia sp. 4 Gardenia sp. 5 Rehmannia sp.

Geniposide is an iridoid glucoside extracted from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruits; exhibits a varity of biological activities such as anti-diabetic, antioxidative, antiproliferative and neuroprotective activities.

In Vitro:Geniposide exhibits a variety of activities, such as on antithrombosis, anti-inflammation, anti-diabetes, anti-atherosclerosis, antidepression, healing Alzheimer’s disease (AD), anti-hypertension, toxicology, and untoward reaction are summarized[1]. Geniposide markedly declines the production of IL-8, IL-1β and MCP-1 in OGD-induced brain microvascular endothelial cells, the expression of P2Y14 receptor is significantly down-regulated, the phosphorylation of RAF-1, MEK1/2, ERK1/2 are suppressed[2].

In Vivo:Geniposide (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly decreases the blood glucose, insulin and TG levels in diabetic mice in a dose-dependent manner. This compound also decreases the expression of GP and G6Pase at mRNA and immunoreactive protein levels, as well as enzyme activity[3]. Geniposide (20.0, 40.0, or 80 mg/kg) significantly reverses the excessive, alcohol-induced elevation in both serum ALT/AST and hepatic LPO levels. Geniposide upregulates the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) to attenuate the cell apoptosis induced by 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1) in primary cultured hippocampal neurons[4]. Geniposide inhibits photochemistry-induced thromboembolism model in vivo. Geniposide are very effective depressants on NF-κB by interrupting IκB degradation[1].

References:
[1]. Liu H, et al. Fructus Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis) phytochemistry, pharmacology ofcardiovascular, and safety with the perspective of new drugs development. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2013;15(1):94-110. [2]. Li F, et al. Geniposide attenuates inflammatory response by suppressing P2Y14 receptor and downstream ERK1/2 signaling pathway in oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016 Jun 5;185:77-86. [3]. Wu SY, et al. Effect of geniposide, a hypoglycemic glucoside, on hepatic regulating enzymes in diabetic mice induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2009 Feb;30(2):202-8. [4]. Wang J, et al. Geniposide protects against acute alcohol-induced liver injury in mice via up-regulating the expression of the main antioxidant enzymes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2015 Apr;93(4):261-7.

Antidepressant-like effect of geniposide on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive rats by regulating the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.[Pubmed:25914157]

Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015 Aug;25(8):1332-41.

Geniposide as the major active component of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis has neuroprotective activity. This study elucidated the potential antidepressant-like effect of Geniposide and its related mechanisms using a depression rat model induced by 3 consecutive weeks of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Sucrose preference test, open field test (OFT) and forced swimming test (FST) were applied to evaluate the antidepressant effect of Geniposide. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) serum levels, adrenal gland index and hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA expression were measured to assess the activity of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Hypothalamic glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GRalpha) mRNA expression and GRalpha protein expression in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were also determined by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. We found that Geniposide (25, 50, 100mg/kg) treatment reversed the CUMS-induced behavioral abnormalities, as suggested by increased sucrose intake, improved crossing and rearing behavior in OFT, shortened immobility and prolonged swimming time in FST. Additionally, Geniposide treatment normalized the CUMS-induced hyperactivity of HPA axis, as evidenced by reduced CORT serum level, adrenal gland index and hypothalamic CRH mRNA expression, with no significant effect on ACTH serum level. Moreover, Geniposide treatment upregulated the hypothalamic GRalpha mRNA level and GRalpha protein expression in PVN, suggesting Geniposide could recover the impaired GRalpha negative feedback on CRH expression and HPA axis. These aforementioned therapeutic effects of Geniposide were essentially similar to fluoxetine. Our results indicated that Geniposide possessed potent antidepressant-like properties that may be mediated by its effects on the HPA axis.

Geniposide, from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, inhibits the inflammatory response in the primary mouse macrophages and mouse models.[Pubmed:22878137]

Int Immunopharmacol. 2012 Dec;14(4):792-8.

Geniposide, a main iridoid glucoside component of gardenia fruit, has been known to exhibit antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and other important therapeutic activities. The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Geniposide on inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated primary mouse macrophages in vitro and LPS induced lung injury model in vivo. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), inhibitory kappa B (IkappaBalpha) protein, p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were determined by Western blot. Further analysis was carried out in mTLR4 and mMD-2 co-transfected HEK293 cells. The results showed that Geniposide markedly inhibited the LPS-induced TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta production both in vitro and in vivo. Geniposide blocked the phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha, p65, p38, ERK and JNK in LPS stimulated primary mouse macrophages. Furthermore, Geniposide inhibited the expression of TLR4 in LPS stimulated primary mouse macrophages and inhibited the LPS-induced IL-8 production in HEK293-mTLR4/MD-2 cells. In vivo study, it was also observed that Geniposide attenuated lung histopathologic changes in the mouse models. These results suggest that Geniposide exerts an anti-inflammatory property by down-regulating the expression of TLR4 up-regulated by LPS. Geniposide is highly effective in inhibiting acute lung injury and may be a promising potential therapeutic reagent for acute lung injury treatment.

Geniposide attenuates insulin-deficiency-induced acceleration of beta-amyloidosis in an APP/PS1 transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease.[Pubmed:25882165]

Neurochem Int. 2015 Oct;89:7-16.

Our previous studies have shown that Geniposide plays an essential role in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and also antagonizesAbeta1-42-induced cytotoxicity examined using a primary cortical neuron assay. However, the mechanism by which Geniposide appears to regulate insulin signaling in the brain is presently not well understood. In this study, we administered streptozotocin (STZ) to induce insulin-deficiency in an AD transgenic mouse model, and investigated the effects of Geniposide on the beta-amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) using in vitro and in vivo models. Our results indicate that treatment with STZ (90 mg/kg, i.p., once daily for two consecutive days) induced significant reduction in peripheral and brain insulin levels in both wild-type and APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Administration of Geniposide for 4 weeks significantly decreased the concentrations of cerebral beta-amyloid peptides (Abeta1-40 and Abeta1-42) in STZ-treated AD mice. Further experiments showed that Geniposide up-regulated the protein levels of beta-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE1) and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), and decreased the protein levels of ADAM10 when examined using a primary cultured cortical neuron assay and in STZ-induced AD mice. Meanwhile, Geniposide also directly enhanced the effects of insulin by reducing Abeta1-42 levels in primary cultured cortical neurons. Taken together, our findings provide a mechanistic link between diabetes and AD, and is consistent with the notion that Geniposide might play an important role on APP processing via enhancing insulin signaling and may convey a therapeutic benefit in AD.

Geniposide, a novel agonist for GLP-1 receptor, prevents PC12 cells from oxidative damage via MAP kinase pathway.[Pubmed:17629357]

Neurochem Int. 2007 Nov-Dec;51(6-7):361-9.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) gives a new genre in therapeutic targets for intervention in AD with its neurotrophic and neuroprotective functions. In previous work, we identified that Geniposide is a novel agonist for GLP-1 receptor, which shows neurotrophic characteristics to induce the neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. The aim of this study is to determine whether Geniposide prevents neurons from oxidative damage, and to explore its signaling pathways. The results demonstrated that Geniposide increased the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, including Bcl-2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), to antagonize the oxidative damage in PC12 cells induced by hydrogen peroxide. LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) inhibited the effect of Geniposide increasing of Bcl-2 level by activation of MAPK, MEK and c-Raf phosphorylation in hydrogen peroxide treated PC12 cells. U0126 (a selective inhibitor of MEK) also attenuated the enhancement of Geniposide on Bcl-2 level by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p90RSK in the hydrogen peroxide treated PC12 cells. All these data demonstrate that Geniposide, an agonist for GLP-1 receptor, regulates expression of anti-oxidative proteins including HO-1 and Bcl-2 by activating the transcriptor of p90RSK via MAPK signaling pathway in PC12 cells.

Geniposide inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis by modulating TLR4 and apoptosis-related factors in mouse mammary glands.[Pubmed:25445441]

Life Sci. 2014 Dec 5;119(1-2):9-17.

AIMS: Geniposide, a major iridoid glycoside found in gardenia fruit, is widely used in Asian countries for its anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-apoptotic activities. Although the anti-inflammatory effect of Geniposide has been widely reported, its anti-apoptotic role in mastitis remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether Geniposide exerts anti-apoptotic activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse mammary glands. MAIN METHODS: We established a LPS-induced mouse mastitis model and LPS-stimulated primary mouse mammary epithelial cells (mMECs) model to investigate the anti-apoptotic effect of Geniposide and the underlying mechanism of action. In the in vivo studies, apoptosis in mammary glands was detected by TUNEL. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to analyze the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and p53. In the in vitro study, the apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells was measured by Live-Dead staining. Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis were used to analyze the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, p53 and TLR4. KEY FINDINGS: Geniposide alleviated mammary gland apoptosis, down-regulated Bax expression, inhibited Caspase-3 cleavage and p53 phosphorylation and up-regulated Bcl-2 expression in vivo. In vitro, Geniposide decreased the ratio of dead cells in a dose-dependent manner. Geniposide inhibited Bax expression and Caspase-3 cleavage, and up-regulated the expression of Bcl-2. Moreover, Geniposide down-regulated the expression of TLR4 and repressed the phosphorylation of p53. SIGNIFICANCE: These results demonstrate that the anti-apoptotic property of Geniposide is due to its modulation of TLR4 and apoptosis-related factors (p53, Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3) in LPS-induced mouse mastitis.

Effects of geniposide on hepatocytes undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatic fibrosis by targeting TGFbeta/Smad and ERK-MAPK signaling pathways.[Pubmed:25818617]

Biochimie. 2015 Jun;113:26-34.

Liver fibrosis results from increased deposition of type-I collagen within the hepatic extracellular space and constitutes a common cardinal signature in all forms of liver injury, regardless of etiology. Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Geniposide is recognized as being useful against hyperlipidemia and fatty liver. However, its cellular mechanism and anti-fibrotic effect in TGF-beta1-induced hepatocytes have not been explored. In the present study, we investigated its anti-epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) mechanism by examining the effect of Geniposide on TGF-beta1-induced hepatocytes. The effect of Geniposide on TGF-beta1-induced AML12 cells was assessed using Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, immunofluorescence staining and DNA binding activity. We found that Geniposide significantly inhibited TGF-beta1-induced mRNA and protein expression of type-I collagen. Cells treated concurrently with TGF-beta1 and Geniposide retained high levels of localized E-cadherin expression with no increase in vimentin. Treatment with Geniposide almost completely blocked the phosphorylation of Smad2/3, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt in AML12 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that Geniposide may suppress TGF-beta1-induced EMT in hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting the TGFbeta/Smad and ERK-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Our results may help researchers better understand the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis so they can develop novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of liver diseases.

Geniposide inhibits high glucose-induced cell adhesion through the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.[Pubmed:20686520]

Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2010 Aug;31(8):953-62.

AIM: To investigate whether Geniposide, an iridoid glucoside extracted from gardenia jasminoides ellis fruits, inhibits cell adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by high glucose and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: HUVECs were isolated from human umbilical cords and cultured. The adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs was determined using fluorescence-labeled monocytes. The mRNA and protein levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and endothelial selectin (E-selectin) were measured using real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured using a fluorescent probe. The amounts of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and inhibitory factor of NF-kappaB (IkappaB) were determined using Western blot analysis. The translocation of NF-kappaB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus was determined using immunofluorescence. RESULTS: Geniposide (10-20 mumol/L) inhibited high glucose (33 mmol/L)-induced adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. This compound (5-40 mumol/L) also inhibited high glucose-induced expression of VCAM-1 and E-selectin at the gene and protein levels. Furthermore, Geniposide (5-20 micromol/L) decreased ROS production and prevented IkappaB degradation in the cytoplasm and NF-kappaB translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in HUVECs. CONCLUSION: Geniposide inhibits the adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs and the expression of CAMs induced by high glucose, suggesting that the compound may represent a new treatment for diabetic vascular injury. The mechanism underlying this inhibitory effect may be related to the inhibition of ROS overproduction and NF-kappaB signaling pathway activation by Geniposide.

Geniposide is an iridoid glucoside extracted from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruits; exhibits a varity of biological activities such as anti-diabetic, antioxidative, antiproliferative and neuroprotective activities.

Geniposide,24512-63-8,Natural Products, buy Geniposide , Geniposide supplier , purchase Geniposide , Geniposide cost , Geniposide manufacturer , order Geniposide , high purity Geniposide