Myristic acid

From Coconut oil

Antigout Effects of Plantago asiatica: Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activities Assessed by Electrochemical Biosensing Method.[Pubmed:29681967]

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018 Feb 22;2018:1364617.

The XOD inhibitory effects of Plantaginis Semen, that is, the seeds of P. asiatisca, and its representative four single compounds, acteoside, 1H-indolo-3-carbaldehyde, isoacteoside, and Myristic acid, were evaluated by electron transfer signal blocking activities (ETSBA), which is based on the electron transfer signal of XOD enzymatic reaction. The blocking activities were detected using an electrochemical biosensing method. Compared with control, significant effects were observed after the addition of P. asiatica extract, acteoside, and 1H-indolo-3-carbaldehyde (all p < 0.05). The IC50 values of the extract and acteoside are 89.14 and 7.55 mug.mL(-1), respectively. The IC20 values of the extract, acteoside, and 1H-indolo-3-carbaldehyde are 24.28, 3.88, and 16.16 mug.mL(-1), respectively. Due to the relatively lower inhibitory potential of 1H-indolo-3-carbaldehyde, its IC50 was not obtained. In addition, isoacteoside and Myristic acid did not show any XOD inhibitory effects. Our data demonstrated that the XOD inhibitory effects of the extract, acteoside, and 1H-indolo-3-carbaldehyde can be accurately evaluated by the ETSBA method. The results from this study indicated that Plantaginis Semen significantly inhibited XOD activities to reduce hyperuricemia and treat gout. The study also proves that measuring the electron transfer signal blocking activities is a simple, sensitive, and accurate method to evaluate the XOD inhibitory effects.

Cellular and Molecular Responses of Dunaliella tertiolecta by Expression of a Plant Medium Chain Length Fatty Acid Specific Acyl-ACP Thioesterase.[Pubmed:29670594]

Front Microbiol. 2018 Apr 4;9:619.

Metabolic engineering of microalgae to accumulate high levels of medium chain length fatty acids (MCFAs) has met with limited success. Traditional approaches employ single introduction of MCFA specific acyl-ACP thioesterases (TEs), but our current research in transgenic Dunaliella tertiolecta line has highlighted that, there is no single rate-limiting approach that can effectively increase MCFA levels. Here, we explore the accumulation of MCFAs in D. tertiolecta after transgenic expression of Myristic acid biased TE (C14TE). We observe that the MCFA levels were negatively correlated to the fatty acid (FA) synthesis genes, ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (KASII), stearoyl-CoA-9-desaturase (Delta9D), and oleoyl-CoA-12-desaturase (Delta12D). To further examine the molecular mechanism of MCFA accumulation in microalgae, we investigate the transcriptomic dynamics of the MCFA producing strain of D. tertiolecta. At the transcript level, enhanced MCFA accumulation primarily involved up-regulation of photosynthetic genes and down-regulation of genes from central carbon metabolic processes, resulting in an overall decrease in carbon precursors for FA synthesis. We additionally observe that MCFA specific peroxisomal beta-oxidation gene (ACX3) was greatly enhanced to prevent excessive build-up of unusual MCFA levels. Besides, long chain acyl-CoA synthetase gene (LACS) was down-regulated, likely in attempt to control fatty acyl supply flux to FA synthesis cycle. This article provides a spatial regulation model of unusual FA accumulation in microalgae and a platform for additional metabolic engineering targeting pathways from FA synthesis, FA transport, and peroxisomal beta-oxidation to achieve microalgae oils with higher levels of MCFAs.

A hepatic pDNA delivery system based on an intracellular environment sensitive vitamin E-scaffold lipid-like material with the aid of an anti-inflammatory drug.[Pubmed:29673647]

J Control Release. 2018 Jun 10;279:262-270.

Non-viral vectors are considered to be an attractive approach for gene delivery, since an artificial material is less immunogenic and oncogenic compared to a viral vector. We previously reported on the hepatic delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA) by using lipid-like material (an SS-cleavable and pH-activated lipid-like material: ssPalm) which mounts two hydrophobic scaffolds, proton-accepting motifs (tertiary amines), and a cleavable unit (disulfide bonding). In the present study, we report on an advanced hepatic gene delivery system that uses a new type of ssPalm derivative: ssPalmE-Paz4-C2. The hepatic transgene expression of the intravenously administrated lipid nanoparticle (LNP) that was formed with the ssPalmE-Paz4-C2 (LNPssPalmE-Paz4-C2) was significantly higher than that of conventional LNPs formed with a Myristic acid-scaffold ssPalm (LNPssPalmM). However, the LNPssPalmE-Paz4-C2 particle induced a severe innate immune response that involved the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNFalpha), intracellular DNA sensor-related cytokine (IL-1beta) and interferon (IFNbeta), even when a pDNA free from CpG-motifs was encapsulated. The production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and the DNA sensor-related cytokines is attributed to the combination of vitamin E scaffolds and encapsulated pDNA. The depletion of macrophages by chlodronate-encapsulating liposomes dramatically reduced inflammatory gene expression. Based on the above findings, we conclude that the use of a certain type of non-viral carrier that shows a robust gene expression activity is attended by a risk of eliciting an innate immune response. When a highly hydrophobic derivative of dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid compound, was co-loaded to the particle, this inflammatory response was relieved, and gene expression efficiency was enhanced. It is thus concluded that the co-delivery of dexamethasone and pDNA is a promising approach for reducing these risks.

Development of green extraction processes for Nannochloropsis gaditana biomass valorization.[Pubmed:29683520]

Electrophoresis. 2018 Apr 23.

In the present work, the valorization of Nannochloropsis gaditana biomass is proposed within the concept of biorefinery. To this aim, high-pressure homogenization (HPH) was used to break down the strong cell wall and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with pure CO2 was applied as a first step to extract valuable compounds (such as non-polar lipids and pigments). Extraction of the remaining residue for the recovery of bioactive compounds was studied by means of an experimental design based on response surface methodology (RSM) employing pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with green solvents such as water and ethanol. Optimum extract was achieved with pure ethanol at 170 degrees C for 20 min, providing an important antioxidant capacity (0.72 +/- 0.03 mmol trolox eq g(-1) extract). Complete chemical characterization of the optimum extract was carried out by using different chromatographic methods such as reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (RP-HPLC-DAD), normal-phase HPLC with evaporative light scattering detection (NP-HPLC-ELSD) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS); carotenoids (e.g. violaxanthin), chlorophylls and polar lipids were the main compounds observed while palmitoleic, palmitic, Myristic acids and the polyunsaturated eicosapentanoic (EPA) acid were the predominant fatty acids in all PLE extracts.

An approach for phycoremediation of different wastewaters and biodiesel production using microalgae.[Pubmed:29705901]

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Jul;25(19):18673-18681.

Four microalgal strains, namely, Tetraselmis indica (T. indica), Scenedesmus abundans (S. abundans), Spirulina sp., and Nostoc muscorum (N. muscorum) were cultivated on four different wastewaters in 1000 ml photobioreactors with 750 ml working volume under 94.5 mumol m(-2) s(-1) light intensity for 14 days for phycoremediation of wastewaters and sustainable biodiesel production. These microalgal strains attained maximum biomass growth in the secondary treated sewage (STS). Maximum biomass yield (0.6533 g L(-1)) and lipid productivity (25.44 mg L(-1) d(-1)) for T. indica were achieved in STS. T. indica removed (63.6-78.24%) of nitrate, (60.90-65.97%) of phosphate, (61.01-80.01%) of ammonical nitrogen, and (71.16-85.70%) of total organic carbon (TOC) in all four wastewaters. The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile of T. indica shows the presence of Myristic acid (1.2%) pentadecylic acid (0.28%), palmitic acid (10.32%), oleic acid (34.59%), linoleic acid (12.38%), and eicosanoic acid (14.88%) in STS. This study demonstrates that T. indica is the most suitable microalgal species among the four microalgal strains selected for phycoremediation of wastewaters and higher biomass production for sustainable biodiesel production.

Myristic acid is a saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils.

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