Palmitoleic acid

A Novel Non-Psychoactive Fatty Acid from a Marine Snail, Conus inscriptus, Signals Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1) to Accumulate Apoptotic C16:0 and C18:0 Ceramides in Teratocarcinoma Cell Line PA1.[Pubmed:38675558]

Molecules. 2024 Apr 11;29(8):1737.

The cannabinoid-type I (CB1) receptor functions as a double-edged sword to decide cell fate: apoptosis/survival. Elevated CB1 receptor expression is shown to cause acute ceramide accumulation to meet the energy requirements of fast-growing cancers. However, the flip side of continual CB1 activation is the initiation of a second ceramide peak that leads to cell death. In this study, we used ovarian cancer cells, PA1, which expressed CB1, which increased threefold when treated with a natural compound, bis(Palmitoleic acid) ester of a glycerol (C2). This novel compound is isolated from a marine snail, Conus inscriptus, using hexane and the structural details are available in the public domain PubChem database (ID: 14275348). The compound induced two acute ceramide pools to cause G0/G1 arrest and killed cells by apoptosis. The compound increased intracellular ceramides (C:16 to 7 times and C:18 to 10 times), both of which are apoptotic inducers in response to CB1 signaling and thus the compound is a potent CB1 agonist. The compound is not genotoxic because it did not induce micronuclei formation in non-cancerous Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells. Since the compound induced the cannabinoid pathway, we tested if there was a psychotropic effect in zebrafish models, however, it was evident that there were no observable neurobehavioral changes in the treatment groups. With the available data, we propose that this marine compound is safe to be used in non-cancerous cells as well as zebrafish. Thus, this anticancer compound is non-toxic and triggers the CB1 pathway without causing psychotropic effects.

Effects of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids on cognitive impairment: evidence from Mendelian randomization study.[Pubmed:38632331]

Eur J Clin Nutr. 2024 Apr 17.

BACKGROUND: Prior observational studies have suggested correlations between saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) with cognitive function. However, causal relationships remains unclear. METHODS: We assessed the causal impact of two SFAs (palmitic acid [PA] and stearic acid [SA]) and two MUFAs (oleic acid [OA] and Palmitoleic acid [POA]) on cognitive function-related traits, and dementia-related traits by univariable Mendelian randomization (UVMR) and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) analyses. RESULTS: UVMR indicated beta of 0.060 (P = 4.05E-06) for cognitive performance score and 0.066 (P = 4.21E-04) for fluid intelligence per standard deviation (SD) increase in OA level. MVMR indicated: (i) beta of -0.608 (P = 8.37E-05) for fluid intelligence score per SD increase in POA; (ii) beta of 0.074 (P = 0.018) for fluid intelligence score per SD increase in OA; (iii) beta of 0.029 (P = 0.033) for number of incorrect matches in round per SD increase in PA; and (iv) beta of 0.039 (P = 0.032) for number of incorrect matches in round per SD increase in SA. In addition, a secondary MVMR analysis after excluding the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids suggested that: (i) beta of -0.043 (P = 1.97E-02) for cognitive performance score per SD increase in PA and (ii) beta of -0.079 (P = 1.79E-03) for cognitive performance score per SD increase in SA. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, UVMR and MVMR suggest that OA may be beneficial for cognitive function, while POA, PA, and SA may have detrimental effects on cognitive function.

The results of meat quality traits and sensory characteristics according to the concentration of androstenone in uncastrated pigs.[Pubmed:38628681]

J Anim Sci Technol. 2024 Mar;66(2):387-397.

Pork quality is determined by several attributes, among which odor and taste are the utmost significant. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the effects of boar odor hormone concentration on the quality traits and sensory acceptability of pork. A total twenty-six (26) non-castrated 3-way crossbred (Landrace x Yorkshire x Duroc) pigs were selected with an average body weight (ABW) 115.6 kg before to slaughter. The three treatment groups (low, medium and high) were divided according to the androstenone concentration. In experiment 1, for meat quality traits carcass was selected based on androstenone concentration: low (LC, 0.64-0.69 mug/g, n = 9), medium (MC, 0.70-0.99 mug/g, n = 7) and high (HC, 1.00-1.69 mug/g, n = 10). In experiment 2, for sensory evaluation carcasses were also selected based on the abovementioned conditions. Results revealed that androstenone concentration not effect on proximate components, meat quality traits and fatty acids except Palmitoleic acid. Sensory evaluation data showed that boar taint and meat boar taint were significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner from low to high, whereas, gravy and meat flavor preference were significantly increased in LC group than HC group. In addition, correlation analysis showed that boar taint and meat boar taint were positively, and gravy and meat flavor preference were negatively correlated with boar taint hormones. In essence, our findings indicate that androstenone concentration had no effect on meat qualities, but a high concentration of androstenone had a negative effect on the sensory characteristics in uncastrated pigs.

The effects of synbiotics-glyconutrients on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gas emission, meat quality, and fatty acid profile of finishing pigs.[Pubmed:38628678]

J Anim Sci Technol. 2024 Mar;66(2):310-325.

Glyconutrients help in the body's cell communication. Glyconutrients and synbiotics are promising options for improving immune function. Therefore, we hypothesized that combining synbiotics and glyconutrients will enhance pig nutrient utilization. 150 pigs (Landrace x Yorkshire x Duroc), initially weighing 58.85 +/- 3.30 kg of live body weight (BW) were utilized to determine the effects of synbiotics-glyconutrients (SGN) on the pigs' performance, feed efficiency, gas emission, pork traits, and composition of fatty acids. The pigs were matched by BW and sex and chosen at random to 1 of 3 diet treatments: control = Basal diet; TRT1 = Basal diet + SGN 0.15%; TRT2 = Basal diet + SGN 0.30%%. The trials were conducted in two phases (weeks 1-5 and weeks 5-10). The average daily gain was increased in pigs fed a basal diet with SGN (p = 0.036) in weeks 5-10. However, the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and gross energy did not differ among the treatments (p > 0.05). Dietary treatments had no effect on NH(3), H(2)S, methyl mercaptans, acetic acids, and CO(2) emissions (p > 0.05). Improvement in drip loss on day 7 (p = 0.053) and tendency in the cooking loss were observed (p = 0.070) in a group fed basal diets and SGN at 0.30% inclusion level. The group supplemented with 0.30% of SGN had higher levels of Palmitoleic acid (C16:1), margaric acid (C17:0), omega-3 fatty acid, omega-6 fatty acid, and omega-6: omega-3 ratio (p = 0.034, 0.020, 0.025, 0.007, and 0.003, respectively) in the fat of finishing pigs. Furthermore, group supplemented with 0.30% of SGN improved margaric acid (C17:0), linoleic acid (C18:2n6c), arachidic acid (C20:0), omega 6 fatty acid, omega-6 to omega-3 ratio, unsaturated fatty acid, and monounsaturated fatty acid (p = 0.037, 0.05, 0.0142, 0.036, 0.033, 0.020, and 0.045, respectively) in the lean tissues of finishing pigs compared to pigs fed with the control diets. In conclusion, the combination of probiotics, prebiotics, and glyconutrients led to higher average daily gain, improved the quality of pork, and more favorable fatty acid composition. Therefore, these results contributed to a better understanding of the potential of SGN combinations as a feed additive for pigs.

The Quality Evaluation of Avocado Fruits (Persea americana Mill.) of Hass Produced in Different Localities on the Island of Tenerife, Spain.[Pubmed:38611361]

Foods. 2024 Mar 29;13(7):1058.

The effect of the production area on the quality of Hass avocados grown on the island of Tenerife was studied. For this purpose, several physicochemical parameters, such as fruit weight, percentage of pulp, seed and skin, proximate composition, minerals, total phenolic compounds (TP), total flavonoid compounds (TF), alpha-tocopherol, antioxidant capacity, and fatty acid profile were analyzed. The location of the orchards significantly influenced avocado weight; pulp and seed percentage; and fat, fiber, ash, alpha-tocopherol, TP, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, and oleic and Palmitoleic acid contents. Buenavista (BU) avocados were the smallest (185 g) and presented the highest percentage of pulp (77.1%) and lowest percentage of fiber (5.43%). The highest levels of dry matter (33.8%) and fat (20.4%) were found in avocados harvested in Los Silos (SI) and Santiago del Teide (SA), respectively. Compared with those at the other locations, the avocados harvested in Guimar (GU) had high levels of alpha-tocopherol (52.2 microg g(-1)) and phenolic compounds (56.0 mg GAE 100 g(-1)). Avocados from Los Realejos (RE) had the highest percentage of oleic acid and the lowest percentage of Palmitoleic acid. Numerous significant correlations were found between the variables studied, especially those between TP, TF, and antioxidant capacity (DPPH) and between fat percentage and dry matter.

trans-Palmitoleic acid promotes adipose thermogenesis to reduce obesity via hypothalamic FFAR1 signaling.[Pubmed:38592736]

Food Funct. 2024 Apr 22;15(8):4627-4641.

Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) is crucial for maintaining body weight homeostasis, and the role of dietary fatty acids in modulating DIT is essential. However, the underlying mechanism of fatty acid regulated diet-induced thermogenesis remains elusive. Utilizing the diet- and genetic ablation-induced obese mice models, we found that the C16 unsaturated fatty acids, trans-Palmitoleic acid (TPA) and cis-Palmitoleic acid (CPA), significantly increased the energy expenditure by promoting the thermogenesis of brown adipose tissues and the production of beige cells in white adipose. As a result, there is a significant reduction in the occurrence of obesity, associated hepatic steatosis and hyperglycemia. Notably, TPA exhibited more potent effects on promoting DIT and alleviating obesity than CPA did. Using inhibitor and gene deletion mice models, we unveiled that TPA acted as a signaling molecule to play a biological function, which could be sensed by the hypothalamic FFAR1 to activate the sympathetic nervous system in promoting adipose tissue thermogenesis. Together, these results demonstrate the underlying mechanism of free fatty acids associated-DIT and will provide fresh insights into the roles of trans-fatty acids in the development of obesity.

Myricanol improves metabolic profiles in dexamethasone induced lipid and protein metabolism disorders in mice.[Pubmed:38583337]

Biomed Pharmacother. 2024 May;174:116557.

Myricanol (MY) is one of the main active components from bark of Myrica Rubra. It is demonstrated that MY rescues dexamethasone (DEX)-induced muscle dysfunction via activating silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and increasing adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. Since SIRT1 and AMPK are widely involved in the metabolism of nutrients, we speculated that MY may exert beneficial effects on DEX-induced metabolic disorders. This study for the first time applied widely targeted metabolomics to investigate the beneficial effects of MY on glucose, lipids, and protein metabolism in DEX-induced metabolic abnormality in mice. The results showed that MY significantly reversed DEX-induced soleus and gastrocnemius muscle weight loss, muscle fiber damage, and muscle strength loss. MY alleviated DEX-induced metabolic disorders by increasing SIRT1 and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) expressions. Additionally, myricanol prevented muscle cell apoptosis and atrophy by inhibiting caspase 3 cleavages and muscle ring-finger protein-1 (MuRF1) expression. Metabolomics showed that MY treatment reversed the serum content of carnitine ph-C1, Palmitoleic acid, PS (16:0_17:0), PC (14:0_20:5), PE (P-18:1_16:1), Cer (t18:2/38:1(2OH)), four amino acids and their metabolites, and 16 glycerolipids in DEX mice. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) and metabolic set enrichment analysis (MSEA) analysis revealed that MY mainly affected metabolic pathways, glycerolipid metabolism, lipolysis, fat digestion and absorption, lipid and atherosclerosis, and cholesterol metabolism pathways through regulation of metabolites involved in glutathione, butanoate, vitamin B6, glycine, serine and threonine, arachidonic acid, and riboflavin metabolism. Collectively, MY can be used as an attractive therapeutic agent for DEX-induced metabolic abnormalities.

Pasture feeding improves the nutritional, textural and techno-functional characteristics of butter.[Pubmed:38580153]

J Dairy Sci. 2024 Apr 3:S0022-0302(24)00638-6.

There is an increasing consumer desire for pasture-derived dairy products, as outdoor pasture-based feeding systems are perceived as a natural environment for animals. Despite this, the number of grazing animals globally has declined as a result of the higher milk yields achieved by indoor, total mixed ration feeding systems, in addition to the changing climatic conditions and lower grazing knowledge and infrastructure. This has led to the development of pasture-fed standards, stipulating the necessity of pasture and its minimum requirements as the primary feed source for products advertising such claims, with various requirements depending on region for which it was produced. This work investigates the differences in the composition and techno-functional properties of butters produced from high, medium and no pasture allowance diets during early, mid and late lactation. Butters were produced using milks collected from 3 feeding systems: outdoor pasture grazing (GRS; high pasture allowance); indoor total mixed ration (TMR; no pasture allowance); and a partial mixed ration (PMR; medium pasture allowance) system, which involved outdoor pasture grazing during the day and indoor TMR feeding at night. Butters were manufactured during early, mid and late lactation. Creams derived from TMR feeding systems exhibited the highest milk fat globule size. The fatty acid profiles of butters also differed significantly as a function of diet, and could be readily discriminated by partial least squares analysis. The most important fatty acids in such analysis, as indicated by their highest variable importance projection scores, were CLA C18:2 cis-9 trans-11 (rumenic acid), C16:1 n-7 trans (trans-Palmitoleic acid), C18:1 trans (elaidic acid), C18:3 n-3 (alpha-linolenic acid) and C18:2 n-6 (linoleic acid). Increasing pasture allowances resulted in reduced crystallization temperatures and hardness of butters, while concurrently increasing the 'yellow' b* color. Yellow color was strongly correlated with Raman peaks commonly associated with carotenoids. The milk fat globule size of cream decreased with advancing stage of lactation and churning time of cream was lowest in early lactation. Differences in the fatty acid and triglyceride contents of butter as a result of lactation and dietary effects demonstrated significant correlations with the hardness, rheological, melting and crystallization profiles of the butters. This work highlighted the improved nutritional profile and functional properties of butter with increasing dietary pasture allowance, primarily as a result of increasing proportions of unsaturated fatty acids. Biomarkers of pasture feeding (response in milk proportionate to the pasture allowance) associated with the pasture-fed status of butters were also identified as a result of the significant changes in the fatty acid profile with increasing pasture allowance. This was achieved through the use of 3 authentic feeding systems with varying pasture allowances, commonly operated by farmers around the world and conducted across 3 stages of lactation.

Enzymatic Preparation, In-Depth Molecular Analysis, and In Vitro Digestion Simulation of Palmitoleic Acid (omega-7)-Enriched Fish Oil Triacylglycerols.[Pubmed:38564481]

J Agric Food Chem. 2024 Apr 17;72(15):8859-8870.

In this study, an enzymatic reaction was developed for synthesizing pure triacylglycerols (TAG) with a high content of Palmitoleic acid (POA) using fish byproduct oil. The characteristics of synthesized structural TAGs rich in POA (POA-TAG) were analyzed in detail through ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography Q Exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry. Optimal conditions were thoroughly investigated and determined for reaction systems, including the use of Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 435, 15 wt % lipase loading, substrate mass ratio of 1:3, and water content of 2.5 and 0.5 wt %, respectively, resulting in yields of 67.50 and 67.45% for POA-TAG, respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that TAG 16:1/16:1/20:4, TAG 16:1/16:1/16:1, TAG 16:1/16:1/18:1, and TAG 16:0/16:1/18:1 were the main variables in Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 435 enzyme-catalyzed products under different water content conditions. Finally, the fate of POA-TAG across the gastrointestinal tract was simulated using an in vitro digestion model. The results showed that the maximum release of free fatty acids and apparent rate constants were 71.44% and 0.0347 s(-1), respectively, for POA-TAG lipids, and the physical and structural characteristics during digestion depended on their microenvironments. These findings provide a theoretical basis for studying the rational design of POA-structural lipids and exploring the nutritional and functional benefits of POA products.

Clusters of adipose tissue dysfunction in adults with type 2 diabetes identify those with worse lipidomic profile despite similar glycaemic control.[Pubmed:38558269]

Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2024 May;40(4):e3798.

AIMS: To investigate clusters of adipose tissue dysfunction, that is, with adipose tissue insulin resistance (ADIPO-IR) and large waist circumference (WC), identify a worse lipidomic profile characterised by a high proportion of lipids rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hierarchical clustering based on WC and ADIPO-IR (calculated as fasting plasma non-esterified fatty acids times fasting plasma insulin, FFAxINS), was performed in 192 adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) treated with metformin (HbA1c = 7.8%). Free fatty acid composition and lipidomic profile were measured by mass spectrometry (GC-MS and LC-MSQTOF). Indexes of fatty acid desaturation (stearoyl-coA desaturase-1 activity, SCD1(16) = Palmitoleic acid/palmitic acid and SCD1(18) = oleic acid/stearic acid) and of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were also calculated. RESULTS: Three clusters were identified: CL1 (ADIPO-IR = 4.9 +/- 2.4 and WC = 96+/-7 cm, mean +/- SD), CL2 (ADIPO-IR = 6.5 +/- 2.5 and WC = 114 +/- 7 cm), and CL3 (ADIPO-IR = 15.0 +/- 4.7 and WC = 107 +/- 8 cm). Insulin concentrations, ADIPO-IR, and HOMA-IR significantly increased from CL1 to CL3 (all p < 0.001), while fasting glucose concentrations, HbA1c, dietary lipids and caloric intake were similar. Moreover, CL3 showed significantly higher concentrations of monounsaturated free fatty acids, oleic and Palmitoleic acids, triglycerides (TAG) rich in saturated FA and associated with de novo lipogenesis (i.e., TAG 46-50), higher SCD1(16,) SCD1(18), ceramide (d18:0/18:0), and phosphatidylcholine aa(36:5) compared with CL1/CL2 (all p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: High ADIPO-IR and large WC identify a worse lipid profile in T2D characterised by complex lipids rich in SFA, likely due to de novo synthesis given higher plasma monounsaturated FFA and increased desaturase activity indexes. REGISTRATION NUMBER TRIAL: ID NCT00700856 https://clinicaltrials.gov.

Comparative Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of Natural Methoxylated Flavones Xanthomicrol and Eupatilin in A375 Skin Melanoma Cells.[Pubmed:38541630]

Life (Basel). 2024 Feb 26;14(3):304.

Melanoma is a skin cancer caused by the malignant transformation of melanocytes and cutaneous melanoma represents the most aggressive and deadliest type of skin cancer with an increasing incidence worldwide. The main purpose of the present research was to evaluate the anticancer effects of the natural bioactive compounds xanthomicrol (XAN) and eupatilin (EUP) in human A375 malignant skin melanoma cells, a cell line widely used as an in vitro model of cutaneous melanoma. XAN and EUP are lipophilic methoxylated flavones with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. The effects of XAN and EUP on cell viability, morphology, lipid profile, oxidative status, apoptosis, and mitochondrial membrane polarization were determined and compared in A375 cells. At 24 h-incubation (MTT assay), XAN significantly reduced viability at the dose range of 2.5-200 muM, while EUP showed a significant cytotoxicity from 25 muM. Moreover, both methoxylated flavones induced (at 10 and 25 muM, 24 h-incubation) marked cell morphological alterations (presence of rounded and multi-nucleated cells), signs of apoptosis (NucView 488 assay), and a noteworthy mitochondrial membrane depolarization (MitoView 633 assay), coupled to a marked lipid profile modulation, including variations in the ratio of phospholipid/cholesterol and a decrease in the oleic, palmitic, and Palmitoleic acid amounts. Moreover, a remarkable time-dependent ROS generation (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assay) was observed during 3 h-incubation of A375 cancer cells in the presence of XAN and EUP (10 and 25 muM). Our results confirm the potential antitumor effect of natural EUP and XAN in cutaneous melanoma by the activation of multiple anticancer mechanisms.

Fatty Acid Profile and Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. Load of Wild-Caught Seaweed Fly Fucellia maritima (Haliday, 1838) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae).[Pubmed:38535359]

Insects. 2024 Feb 28;15(3):163.

World aquaculture is expected to continue to grow over the next few decades, which amplifies the need for a higher production of sustainable feed ingredients for aquatic animals. Insects are considered good candidates for aquafeed ingredients because of their ability to convert food waste into highly nutritional biomass. However, commercially available terrestrial insect species lack n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), which are essential biomolecules for marine cultured species. Nevertheless, several coastal insect species feature LC-PUFAs in their natural fatty acid (FA) profile. Here, we analysed the lipidic profile of wild-caught seaweed fly Fucellia maritima, with a focus on their FA profile, to evaluate its potential to be used as an aquafeed ingredient, as well as to screen for the presence of pathogenic bacteria. Results showed that the flies had a total lipid content of 13.2% of their total dry weight. The main classes of phospholipids (PLs) recorded were phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) (60.8%), followed by phosphatidylcholine (PC) (17.1%). The most abundant FA was Palmitoleic acid (C16:0) with 34.9% +/- 4.3 of total FAs, followed by oleic acid (C18:1) with 30.4% +/- 2.3. The FA composition of the flies included essential fatty acids (EFAs) for both freshwater fish, namely linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) with 3.4% +/- 1.3 and alpha-linoleic acid (C18:3 n-3) with 3.4% +/- 1.9, and marine fish, namely arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) with 1.1% +/- 0.3 and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3) with 6.1% +/- 1.2. The microbiological analysis found 9.1 colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) of Enterobacteriaceae and no presence of Salmonella sp. was detected in a sample of 25 g of fresh weight. These findings indicate that Fucellia maritima biomass holds the potential to be used as an additional aquafeed ingredient due to its FA profile and the low count of pathogenic bacteria, which can contribute to the optimal growth of fish and shrimp with a low risk of pathogen transfer during the feed production chain.

Efficacy of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and its underlying mechanism in preventing bisphenol-A-induced metabolic disorders in mice.[Pubmed:38522198]

J Hazard Mater. 2024 May 5;469:134098.

To investigate the efficacy of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and its underlying mechanism in preventing bisphenol-A-induced metabolic disorders, in this study, a mice model of metabolic disorders induced by BPA was developed to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of EGCG using microbiomes and metabolomics. The results showed that EGCG reduced body weight, liver weight ratio, and triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in mice by decreasing the mRNA expression of genes related to fatty acid synthesis (Elov16) and cholesterol synthesis (CYP4A14) and increasing the mRNA expression of genes related to fatty acid oxidation (Lss) and cholesterol metabolism (Cyp7a1). In addition, EGCG normalized BPA-induced intestinal microbial dysbiosis. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that low-dose EGCG was more effective than high-dose EGCG at affecting the biosynthesis of L-cysteine, glycerophosphorylcholine, and Palmitoleic acid. These results provide specific data and a theoretical basis for the risk assessment of BPA and the utilization of EGCG.

Palmitoleic Acid Ameliorates Metabolic Disorders and Inflammation by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Serum Metabolites.[Pubmed:38511225]

Mol Nutr Food Res. 2024 Apr;68(7):e2300749.

SCOPE: Palmitoleic acid (POA) is an omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid that has been suggested to improve metabolic disorders. However, it remains unclear whether gut microbiota plays a role in the amelioration of metabolic disorders by POA. This study aims to investigate the regulation of POA on metabolism, as well as systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice from the perspective of serum metabolome and gut microbiome. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-six C57BL/6 male mice are randomly assigned to either a normal chow diet containing 1.9% w/w lard or an HFD containing 20.68% w/w lard or 20.68% w/w sea buckthorn pulp oil for 16 weeks. The study finds that POA significantly attenuated hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation in HFD-fed mice. POA supplementation significantly alters the composition of serum metabolites, particularly lipid metabolites in the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway. POA obviously increases the abundance of Bifidobacterium and decreases the abundance of Allobaculum. Importantly, the study finds that glycerophosphocholine mediates the effect of Bifidobacterium on LDL-C, sphingomyelin mediates the effect of Bifidobacterium on IL-6, and maslinic acid mediates the effect of Allobaculum on IL-6. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that exogenous POA can improve metabolic disorders and inflammation in HFD-fed mice, potentially by modulating the serum metabolome and gut microbiome.

The impact of dietary oregano essential oil supplementation on fatty acid composition and lipid stability in eggs stored at room temperature.[Pubmed:38507293]

Br Poult Sci. 2024 Mar 20:1-8.

1. In many countries, eggs are not refrigerated and must be stored at room temperature. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of dietary oregano oil (275 mg/kg; ORE) versus an unsupplemented control diet (CON) on laying hens on the shelf life and fatty acid profile of eggs.2. Treatments were randomly distributed into 10 pens containing 27 birds each. A total of 200 eggs were collected from both groups on the same day and were stored for either 0, 10, 21 and 35 d. At each storage time, egg yolks were analysed for fatty acid profile and lipid peroxidation.3. The main indicator of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA), was significantly lower in ORE eggs compared to CON eggs (p = 0.001). Storage time had a significant impact on MDA concentrations (p = 0.023), with the highest found after 35 d. Significant differences were found for individual fatty acids, saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid were significantly lower in ORE eggs compared to CON eggs (p < 0.05). Palmitoleic acid (p = 0.002), linolenic acid (p = 0.001) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, p = 0.001) were significantly higher in ORE eggs.4. Storage only affected oleic, linolenic, linoleic, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids (p < 0.05). Total SFA, MUFA, n-6 and ratio of n-3 to n-6 (n-3:n-6) PUFA were significantly higher in CON eggs (p < 0.05). The ratio of SFA to PUFA (SFA:PUFA, p = 0.005) and total n-3 PUFA (p = 0.001) were significantly higher in ORE eggs.5. The n-3:n-6 ratio was significantly impacted by treatment (p = 0.021) and storage (p = 0.031) with no significant interaction. This ratio is important for human health indication and could lead to the development of designer eggs.