Pyridone 6

Pyridone 6 is a reversible and selective ATP-competitive inhibitor of Janus-activated kinases (JAK) with IC50 value of 1-15 nM [1].

JAK is a tyrosine kinase family that and a component of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. The combination of cytokine (such as interleukin and interferon) or growth factor (such as GH and EGF) and the associated receptors leads to the dimerization of the receptors. The dimerization triggers the activation (autophosphorylation) of JAK which binds to the receptor. Subsequent phosphorylation of the receptor caused by the activated JAK attracts STAT to bind to the receptor and to be activated by JAK. At last, activated STAT enters the nucleus and regulates gene transcription. It is found that constitutive activation of JAK and STAT can promote abnormal cell proliferation. The inhibition of JAK is believed to be an effective therapy to treat for malignancies.

Pyridone 6 is a potent inhibitor of JAK. It inhibited the activities of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2 with IC50 values of 15 nM, 1 nM, 5 nM and 1 nM, respectively. Pyridone 6 is also a selective JAK inhibitor. It showed IC50 values of more than 130 nM when tested against other kinases [1, 2 and 3].

In B9 cells, treatment of pyridone 6 at concentration of 250 nM significantly decreased the phosphorylation of STAT3 induced by IL-6. Treatment of 1 μM almost completely inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT3. Besides that, Pyridone 6 suppressed cell proliferation with IC50 value of 250 nM. In U266 cells, pyridone 6 treatment caused a modest cell growth reduction and G1 arrest. It is consistent with that the growth of U266 is partially dependent on IL-6 signaling [1].

Pyridone 6 has low water solubility. Due to this, a polylactic acid formulation of pyridone 6 and glycolic acid has been applied in animal model. In mice model of atopic dermatitis, administration of pyridone 6 is found to have therapeutic activity through modifying Th cell differentiation and inhibiting mast cell function [2].

References:
[1].  Pedranzini L, Dechow T, Berishaj M, et al. Pyridone 6, a pan-Janus–activated kinase inhibitor, induces growth inhibition of multiple myeloma cells. Cancer research, 2006, 66(19): 9714-9721.
[2].  Nakagawa R, Yoshida H, Asakawa M, et al. Pyridone 6, a pan-JAK inhibitor, ameliorates allergic skin inflammation of NC/Nga mice via suppression of Th2 and enhancement of Th17. The Journal of Immunology, 2011, 187(9): 4611-4620.
[3].  Kwak H B, Kim H S, Lee M S, et al. Pyridone 6, A Pan-Janus-Activated Kinase Inhibitor, Suppresses Osteoclast Formation and Bone Resorption through Down-Regulation of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-. KAPPA. B (NF-. KAPPA. B) Ligand (RANKL)-Induced c-Fos and Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells (NFAT) c1 Expression. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2009, 32(1): 45-50.

Alkali metal complexes of 6-methyl-2-pyridone: simple formulae, but not so simple structures.[Pubmed:24253086]

Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater. 2013 Dec;69(Pt 6):603-12.

Reaction of 6-methyl-2-pyridone (Hmhp) with Na or K metal, or with Rb or Cs 2-ethylhexoxide, in an appropriate single or mixed solvent, yields a series of solvated polymeric complexes with the empirical formulae M(mhp)(H2O)2 [(1), M = Na; (2), M = K], M(mhp)(H2O) [(3), M = Rb; (4), M = Cs] and Cs(mhp)(ROH) [(5), R = Me; (6), R = Et]. All of the products have been crystallographically characterized and show sheet polymeric structures, except for a double-chain structure for (2). In all of the structures, mhp(-) and solvent molecules function as bridging ligands; two metal ions are bridged (mu2) by each solvent molecule in (1), (5) and (6), while (2) contains both mu2 and mu3 triple bridges, and (3) and (4) display highly unusual mu4 quadruple bridging of metal ions by water molecules. The pyridonate O atom bridges two or three metal ions in each case. Nitrogen is also involved in coordination to the heavier metals; it bonds to a single ion in (3) and (4), but has an almost unprecedented bridging role in (5) and (6). As a result of the extensive bridging by ligands, coordination numbers between 6 and 8 are achieved for the metal ions. In each structure, all solvent OH groups form hydrogen bonds to pyridonate O and, in some cases, N atoms. With one exception, these are the first reported pyridonate complexes of the alkali metals Na-Cs that do not also include transition metals.

Crystal structure of 2,6-dimethyl-4-pyridone hemihydrate.[Pubmed:26396782]

Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun. 2015 Jul 4;71(Pt 8):o533.

The title compound (systematic name: 2,6-dimethyl-1H-pyridin-4-one hemihydrate), C7H9NO.0.5H2O, has a single planar mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit with the non-H atoms possessing a mean deviation from planarity of 0.021 A. There is also half of a water mol-ecule present in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal, infinite (001) sheets are formed by N-Hcdots, three dots, centeredO and O-Hcdots, three dots, centeredO hydrogen bonds.

3-Cyano-6-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pyridone: two new pseudopolymorphs and two cocrystals with products of an in situ nucleophilic aromatic substitution.[Pubmed:25567570]

Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem. 2015 Jan;71(Pt 1):19-25.

Four crystal structures of 3-cyano-6-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pyridone (CMP), viz. the dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate, C7H6N2O2.C2H6OS, (1), the N,N-dimethylacetamide monosolvate, C7H6N2O2.C4H9NO, (2), a cocrystal with 2-amino-4-dimethylamino-6-methylpyrimidine (as the salt 2-amino-4-dimethylamino-6-methylpyrimidin-1-ium 5-cyano-4-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-2-olate), C7H13N4(+).C7H5N2O2(-), (3), and a cocrystal with N,N-dimethylacetamide and 4,6-diamino-2-dimethylamino-1,3,5-triazine [as the solvated salt 2,6-diamino-4-dimethylamino-1,3,5-triazin-1-ium 5-cyano-4-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-2-olate-N,N-dimethylacetamide (1/1)], C5H11N6(+).C7H5N2O2(-).C4H9NO, (4), are reported. Solvates (1) and (2) both contain the hydroxy group in a para position with respect to the cyano group of CMP, acting as a hydrogen-bond donor and leading to rather similar packing motifs. In cocrystals (3) and (4), hydrolysis of the solvent molecules occurs and an in situ nucleophilic aromatic substitution of a Cl atom with a dimethylamino group has taken place. Within all four structures, an R2(2)(8) N-H...O hydrogen-bonding pattern is observed, connecting the CMP molecules, but the pattern differs depending on which O atom participates in the motif, either the ortho or para O atom with respect to the cyano group. Solvents and coformers are attached to these arrangements via single-point O-H...O interactions in (1) and (2) or by additional R4(4)(16) hydrogen-bonding patterns in (3) and (4). Since the in situ nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the coformers occurs, the possible Watson-Crick C-G base-pair-like arrangement is inhibited, yet the cyano group of the CMP molecules participates in hydrogen bonds with their coformers, influencing the crystal packing to form chains.

Revisiting dimerization of acetoacetamide leading to 4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide.[Pubmed:25099910]

J Oleo Sci. 2014;63(9):939-42. Epub 2014 Aug 5.

A commercially purchased acetoacetamide was found to dimerize during storage for several months to afford 4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide. We successfully achieved the quantitative dimerization of acetoacetamide by using an acid catalyst. It was also found that the pyridone formed served as a self-catalyst of the dimerization.

Pyridone 6 is a pan-JAK inhibitor, which potently inhibits the JAK kinase family, with IC50s of 1 nM for JAK2 and TYK2, 5 nM for JAK3, and 15 nM for JAK1, while displaying significantly weaker affinities (130 nM to >10 mM) for other protein tyrosine kinases.

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