Raffinose

Profiling, quantification and classification of cocoa beans based on chemometric analysis of carbohydrates using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.[Pubmed:29655735]

Food Chem. 2018 Aug 30;258:284-294.

Fifty-six cocoa bean samples from different origins and status of fermentation were analyzed by a validated hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (HILIC-ESI-TOF-MS) method. The profile of the low molecular weight carbohydrate (LMWC) was analyzed by high resolution and tandem mass spectrometry, which allowed the identification of mono-, di-, tri- and tetrasaccharides, sugar alcohols and iminosugars. This study provides, for the first time in a large set of samples, a comprehensive absolute quantitative data set for the carbohydrates identified in cocoa beans (fructose, glucose, mannitol, myo-inositol, sucrose, melibiose, Raffinose and stachyose). Differences in the content of carbohydrates were observed between unfermented (range of 0.9-4.9g/g DM) and fermented (range 0.1-0.5g/g DM) cocoa beans. The use of multivariate statistical tools allowed the identification of biomarkers suitable for cocoa bean classification according to the status of fermentation, procedure of fermentation employed and number of days of fermentation.

Effects of Organic and Conventional Crop Nutrition on Profiles of Polar Metabolites in Grain of Wheat.[Pubmed:29746125]

J Agric Food Chem. 2018 May 30;66(21):5346-5351.

The profiles of polar metabolites were determined in wholemeal flours of grain from the Broadbalk wheat experiment and from plants grown under organic and low-input systems to study the effects of nutrition on composition. The Broadbalk samples showed increased amino acids, acetate, and choline and decreased fructose and succinate with increasing nitrogen fertilization. Samples receiving farm yard manure had similar grain nitrogen to those receiving 96 kg of N/ha but had higher contents of amino acids, sugars, and organic acids. A comparison of the profiles of grain from organic and low-input systems showed only partial separation, with clear effects of climate and agronomy. However, supervised multivariate analysis showed that the low-input samples had higher contents of many amino acids, Raffinose, glucose, organic acids, and choline and lower sucrose, fructose, and glycine. Consequently, although differences between organic and conventional grain occur, these cannot be used to confirm sample identity.

History of cryobiology, with special emphasis in evolution of mouse sperm cryopreservation.[Pubmed:29660317]

Cryobiology. 2018 Jun;82:57-63.

Confucius said study the past if you would define the future and a popular statement says that history depends on who writes it. To talk about history it is necessary to find and define a milestone where to start the narration. The intention of this quick review is to take the reader through moments and selected publications; part and pieces of memories showing how the concept of cryopreservation, specifically for mouse sperm, was conceived and sustained as we know it today. Beginning with the development of the microscope (1677) and continuing through the 17th century with the first documented observation by L. Spallanzani describing that sperm could maintain the motility under cold conditions. As J. Sherman suggested, we divide the cryopreservation evolution into two sequences, previous to and after 1949 when Polge, Smith and Parkes discovered the property of glycerol as cryoprotectant. Later, in 1972, D. Whittingham, S. Leibo, and P. Mazur applying a slow freezing process achieved the first embryo freezing (mouse). During that time many theories were scientifically confirmed. Among those, Peter Mazur demonstrated the relation between the speed of freezing and intracellular ice formation, and Stanley Leibo that each cell type has their unique freezing curve. In 1950, after the discovery of the protective aspect of glycerol, sperm from many mammals were frozen, except from the mouse. It was in the early 90's when the mouse sperm freezing becomes important and it was a real challenge for many groups, nevertheless, the technique using skim milk and Raffinose modified by Dr Nakagata was the beginning of a different story ....

A novel alpha-galactosidase from the thermophilic probiotic Bacillus coagulans with remarkable protease-resistance and high hydrolytic activity.[Pubmed:29738566]

PLoS One. 2018 May 8;13(5):e0197067.

A novel alpha-galactosidase of glycoside hydrolase family 36 was cloned from Bacillus coagulans, overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and characterized. The purified enzyme Aga-BC7050 was 85 kDa according to SDS-PAGE and 168 kDa according to gel filtration, indicating that its native structure is a dimer. With p-nitrophenyl-alpha-d- galactopyranoside (pNPGal) as the substrate, optimal temperature and pH were 55 degrees C and 6.0, respectively. At 60 degrees C for 30 min, it retained > 50% of its activity. It was stable at pH 5.0-10.0, and showed remarkable resistance to proteinase K, subtilisin A, alpha-chymotrypsin, and trypsin. Its activity was not inhibited by glucose, sucrose, xylose, or fructose, but was slightly inhibited at galactose concentrations up to 100 mM. Aga-BC7050 was highly active toward pNPGal, melibiose, Raffinose, and stachyose. It completely hydrolyzed melibiose, Raffinose, and stachyose in < 30 min. These characteristics suggest that Aga-BC7050 could be used in feed and food industries and sugar processing.

Comparative metabolomic analysis of seed metabolites associated with seed storability in rice (Oryza sativa L.) during natural aging.[Pubmed:29729608]

Plant Physiol Biochem. 2018 Jun;127:590-598.

Seed storability is an important trait for crop breeding, however, the mechanism underlying seed storability remains largely unknown. Here, a mass spectrometry-based comparative metabolomic study was performed for rice seeds before and after 24-month natural storage between two hybrid rice cultivars, IIYou 998 (IIY) with low storability and BoYou 998 (BY) with relative high storability. A total of 48 metabolites among 90 metabolite peaks detected were conclusively identified, and most of them are involved in the primary metabolism. During the 24-month storage, 19 metabolites with significant changes in abundance were found in the storage-sensitive IIY seeds, but only 8 in the BY seeds, most of which are free amino acids and soluble sugars. The observed changes of the metabolites in IIY seeds that are consistent with our protoemics results are likely to be involved in its sensitivity to storage. Levels of all identified 18 amino acid-related metabolites and most sugar-related metabolites were significantly higher in IIY seeds both before and after storage. However the level of Raffinose was lower in IIY seeds before and after storage, and did not change significantly throughout the storage period in both two cultivars, suggesting its potential role in seed storability. Taken together, these results may help to improve our understanding of seed storability.

[Changes of transport sugar content in different organs of Rehmannia glutinosa].[Pubmed:29751701]

Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2018 Apr;43(8):1563-1570.

Raffinose series oligosaccharides are the transport and storage sugars of many plants, Rehmannia glutinosa is one of the commonly used Chinese herbal medicines, medicinal parts ist he roots. Root and tuber of R. glutinosa contains stachyose, Raffinose and other oligosaccharides, but the study about the process of growth and development of other organs in the non-structural changes in sugar content is rare.In this study, leaves, stems and roots of R. glutinosa were used as materials to analyze the diurnal variation and the changes of sugar content of sucrose, Raffinose and stachyose in different organs of R. glutinosa. The results showed that the content of sucrose in R. glutinosa leaves gradually increased from seedling stage.However, the content of stachyose did not change much at the early stage of growth, and the stachyose rapidly increased at the later stage of growth. The Raffinose content gradually decreased throughout the growing season, young leaves of R. glutinosa have higher ability to sucrose synthesis than mature leaves, while mature leaf has higher Raffinose and stachyose synthesis ability than young leaves. Sucrose and stachyose content in stem gradually increased, while there was little change in Raffinose content. The content of Raffinose and stachyose in root increased rapidly from the beginning of fast growing period, while the content of sucrose did not change much. The content of sucrose in leaves of R. glutinosa did not change much at day and night, while the daily changes of Raffinose and stachyose contents were very obvious. The contents of Raffinose and stachyose in daytime were higher than those at night. The content of Raffinose in root and stem was not changed much, but the change of stachyose in root, stem and leaf was very obvious, especially in stem and leaf. In summary, the leaf is the main synthetic organ of Raffinose, leaves, stems and roots are stachyose synthesis organ. Sucrose, Raffinose and stachyose are the major transport forms of carbohydrates in R. glutinosa.

Raffinose (Melitose), a non-digestible short-chain oligosaccharide, is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose and can be found in many plants. Raffinose (Melitose) can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-GAL).

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