Suprofen

Suprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).

Mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P450 2C9 by tienilic acid and (+/-)-suprofen: a comparison of kinetics and probe substrate selection.[Pubmed:18838506]

Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Jan;37(1):59-65.

In vitro experiments were conducted to compare k(inact), K(I) and inactivation efficiency (k(inact)/K(I)) of cytochrome P450 (P450) 2C9 by tienilic acid and (+/-)-Suprofen using (S)-flurbiprofen, diclofenac, and (S)-warfarin as reporter substrates. Although the inactivation of P450 2C9 by tienilic acid when (S)-flurbiprofen and diclofenac were used as substrates was similar (efficiency of approximately 9 ml/min/micromol), the inactivation kinetics were characterized by a sigmoidal profile. (+/-)-Suprofen inactivation of (S)-flurbiprofen and diclofenac hydroxylation was also described by a sigmoidal profile, although inactivation was markedly less efficient (approximately 1 ml/min/micromol). In contrast, inactivation of P450 2C9-mediated (S)-warfarin 7-hydroxylation by tienilic acid and (+/-)-Suprofen was best fit to a hyperbolic equation, where inactivation efficiency was moderately higher (10 ml/min/micromol) and approximately 3-fold higher (3 ml/min/micromol), respectively, relative to that of the other probe substrates, which argues for careful consideration of reporter substrate when mechanism-based inactivation of P450 2C9 is assessed in vitro. Further investigations into the increased inactivation seen with tienilic acid relative to that with (+/-)-Suprofen revealed that tienilic acid is a higher affinity substrate with a spectral binding affinity constant (K(s)) of 2 microM and an in vitro half-life of 5 min compared with a K(s) of 21 microM and a 50 min in vitro half-life for (+/-)-Suprofen. Lastly, a close analog of tienilic acid with the carboxylate functionality replaced by an oxirane ring was devoid of inactivation properties, which suggests that an ionic binding interaction with a positively charged residue in the P450 2C9 active site is critical for recognition and mechanism-based inactivation by these close structural analogs.

Biradical vs singlet oxygen photogeneration in suprofen-cholesterol systems.[Pubmed:27559371]

Beilstein J Org Chem. 2016 Jun 14;12:1196-202.

Cholesterol (Ch) is an important lipidic building block and a target for oxidative degradation, which can be induced via free radicals or singlet oxygen ((1)O2). Suprofen (SP) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that contains the 2-benzoylthiophene (BZT) chromophore and has a pi,pi* lowest triplet excited state. In the present work, dyads (S)- and (R)-SP-alpha-Ch (1 and 2), as well as (S)-SP-beta-Ch (3) have been prepared from beta- or alpha-Ch and SP to investigate the possible competition between photogeneration of biradicals and (1)O2, the key mechanistic steps in Ch photooxidation. Steady-state irradiation of 1 and 2 was performed in dichloromethane, under nitrogen, through Pyrex, using a 400 W medium pressure mercury lamp. The spectral analysis of the separated fractions revealed formation of two photoproducts 4 and 5, respectively. By contrast, under the same conditions, 3 did not give rise to any isolable Ch-derived product. These results point to an intramolecular hydrogen abstraction in 1 and 2 from the C7 position of Ch and subsequent C-C coupling of the generated biradicals. Interestingly, 2 was significantly more photoreactive than 1 indicating a clear stereodifferentiation in the photochemical behavior. Transient absorption spectra obtained for 1-3 were very similar and matched that described for the SP triplet excited state (typical bands with maxima at ca. 350 nm and 600 nm). Direct kinetic analysis of the decay traces at 620 nm led to determination of triplet lifetimes that were ca. 4.1 mus for 1 and 2 and 5.8 mus for 3. From these data, the intramolecular quenching rate constants in 1 and 2 were determined as 0.78 x 10(5) s(-1). The capability of dyads 1-3 to photosensitize the production of singlet oxygen was assessed by time-resolved near infrared emission studies in dichloromethane using perinaphthenone as standard. The quantum yields (PhiDelta) were 0.52 for 1 and 2 and 0.56 for 3. In conclusion, SP-alpha-Ch dyads are unique in the sense that they can be used to photogenerate both biradicals and singlet oxygen, thus being able to initiate Ch oxidation from their triplet excited states following either of the two competing mechanistic pathways.

Photodegradation mechanism of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs containing thiophene moieties: suprofen and tiaprofenic acid.[Pubmed:19719267]

J Phys Chem B. 2009 Aug 13;113(32):11306-13.

The photodegradation of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs Suprofen, 2-[4-(2-thienoyl)phenyl]propionic acid, and tiaprofenic acid, 2-(5-benzoyl-2-thienyl)propanoic acid, is studied by means of density functional theory. Besides the redox properties of the neutral species, we report on absorption spectra and degradation pathways involving excitation, intersystem crossing to the T(1) state, and spontaneous decarboxylation of the deprotonated species of each drug. The energetics and properties of the Suprofen and tiaprofenic acid systems are found to be very similar to those of the highly photolabile benzyl analogue ketoprofen. Mechanisms leading to the formation of a closed-shell decarboxylated ethyl species, as well as peroxyl radicals capable of initiating lipid peroxidation reactions, are discussed.

Differential suppression of menstrual fluid prostaglandin F2a, prostaglandin E2, 6-keto prostaglandin F1a and thromboxane B2 by suprofen in women with primary dysmenorrhea.[Pubmed:17259081]

Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2007 Feb;83(1-2):146-53.

Eleven women with primary dysmenorrhea completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-way cross-over study comparing 200 and 400mg Suprofen. Menstrual fluid volume did not change. Mean+/-S.E.M. menstrual fluid PGF2a was significantly suppressed from 18.9+/-1.9 microg (placebo) to 10.9+/-1.7 and 9.3+/-2.1 microg with 200 and 400 mg Suprofen, respectively (p=<0.005). PGE2 dropped from 7.8+/-0.9 to 4.6+/-0.8 and 4.6+/-1.1 microg (p=<0.05) and TxB2 from 17.5+/-4.3 to 7.5+/-2.9 and 3.6+/-1.3 microg (p=<0.01), respectively. 6-Keto PGF1a was significantly suppressed (2.7+/-0.4 to 1.9+/-0.5 microg, p=<0.025) with only 400 mg Suprofen. Six subjects rated placebo poor and five fair to very good. In contrast, nine rated Suprofen excellent to fair while two rated poor. Thus, Suprofen was clinically effective but the differential suppression of prostanoids favors 200mg which spares 6-keto PGF1a.