Symplocoside

A comprehensive analysis on Symplocos racemosa Roxb.: Traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities.[Pubmed:26851499]

J Ethnopharmacol. 2016 Apr 2;181:236-51.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Symplocos racemosa Roxb. belongs to a unigeneric family Symplocaceae, known as lodhra in Sanskrit; is a small evergreen tree, found throughout the tropical and sub-tropical countries. Ethnobotanical literature indicates use of S. racemosa in treatment of eye disease, skin diseases, ear diseases, liver and bowel complaints, tumors, uterine disorders, spongy and bleeding gums, asthma, fever, snake-bite, gonorrhea and arthritis. The main aim of this review is to provide detailed phytopharmacological profile on S. racemosa in support with the traditional practices and ethnomedicinal uses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All relevant worldwide accepted databases have been searched for the name "S. racemosa" along with other literature from Indian Classical texts and Pharmacopoeias. The accessible literatures available on S. racemosa, were collected through electronic search on Pub med, Scopus, Science direct and traditional reports. RESULTS: S. racemosa is important Indian traditional drug used in many Ayurvedic and herbal formulations for treatment of liver as well as uterine disorders and leucorrhea. Majority of phytopharmacological reports are on stem bark of the plant which include anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-androgenic effect, anti-inflammatory, wound healing activity and anti-diabetic effects. Phytochemical studies indicated presence of many phenolic glycosides like Symplocoside, triterpenoids like betulinic acid, acetyloleanolic acid and oleanolic acid and flavonoids like quercetin which might have contributed to the observed protective effects. CONCLUSION: Many ethnobotanical claims have been confirmed through systematic in-vitro and in-vivo pharmacological studies on different extracts of stem bark and isolated constituents. However, systematic studies on the bio-markers are desirable to establish mode of action and to validate the traditional claim in clinical practice after proper safety assessment. The conservation data of genus Symplocos showed risk of extinction due to restricted distribution in the wild hence systematic techniques should be developed for the maintenance of this plant.

Characterization of phenolic constituents from ephedra herb extract.[Pubmed:23666001]

Molecules. 2013 May 10;18(5):5326-34.

Nine known compounds: trans-cinnamic acid, catechin, syringin, epicatechin, Symplocoside, kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside 7-O-glucoside, isovitexin 2-O-rhamnoside, herbacetin 7-O-glucoside, and pollenitin B and a new flavonoid glycoside, characterized as herbacetin 7-O-neohesperidoside (1) on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence, were isolated from a traditional crude drug, "Ephedra herb extract". Compound 1 had no effects on HGF-induced motility, whereas herbacetin, which is an aglycone of 1, significantly inhibited it.

Interactions between thrombin and natural products of Millettia nitita var. hirsutissima using capillary zone electrophoresis.[Pubmed:19931496]

J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009 Dec 15;877(32):4107-14.

A sensitive and selective high-performance analytical method based on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was developed for investigating interactions between natural products isolated from Millettia nitita var. hirsutissima and thrombin qualitatively and quantitatively for the first time. The results showed that, compared with positive and negative control, the compounds ZYY-5 (genistein-8-C-beta-d-apiofuranosyl-(1-->6)-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside), ZYY-6 (calycosin), ZYY-8 (isoliquiritigenin), ZYY-9 (formononetin), ZYY-12 (gliricidin), ZYY-13 (8-O-methylretusin), FJ-2 (dihydrokaempferol), FJ-3 (biochanin), FJ-5 (afromosin) and XC-2 (hirsutissimiside F) interacted with thrombin, while ZYY-1 (sphaerobioside), ZYY-2 (formononetin-7-O-beta-d-apiofuranosyl-(1-->6)-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside), ZYY-3 (genistein-5-methylether-7-O-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside), ZYY-4 (retusin-7,8-O-beta-d-diglucopyranoside), ZYY-7 (Symplocoside), ZYY-10 (ononin), ZYY-11 (genistin), ZYY-14 (afromosin-7-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside), ZYY-15 (lanceolarin), FJ-1 (liquiritigenin), FJ-4 (7,2-dihydroxy,4-methoxyisoflavan) and XC-1 (sphaerobioside) had no binding to thrombin. This indicated that the reported CZE method for the determination of compound-thrombin interactions is powerful, sensitive and fast, and requires less amounts of reagents, and further, it can be employed as a reliable alternative to other methods.

[Constituents of Millettia nitida var. hirsutissima].[Pubmed:19894535]

Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2009 Aug;34(15):1921-6.

OBJECTIVE: To separate effective constituents from Millettia nitida var. hirsutissima. METHOD: Compounds were isolated by chromatography methods, structures were identified by spectroscopic means. RESULT: Eight flavonoids (1-8) and two triterpenes (9-10) were isolated from this plant. They were identified as calycosin (1), genistin (2), gliricidin (3), 8-O-methylretusin (4), afromosin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), lanceolarin (6), soliquiritigenin (7), Symplocoside (8), lupeol (9), 3beta-friedelanol (10). CONCLUSION: The compounds (1-10) were obtained from M. nitida var. hirsutissima for the first time. The 13C-NMR dada of 1 were correct assignment on the basis of 2D-NMR spectral analysis.