2-Oxoglutaric acid

Integrative analysis of rumen microbiome and host metabolism reveals adaptive strategies of Boer goats to high-altitude environments.[Pubmed:42713482]

Front Microbiol. 2026 Aug 25;17:1897971.

The transition to high-altitude environments presents significant metabolic challenges for livestock, primarily due to hypoxia and altered dietary resources. Understanding the adaptive strategies involving the rumen microbiome and host metabolism is crucial for improving animal health and productivity in these regions. This study investigated the adaptive responses of Boer goats to high-altitude exposure by integrating ruminal fermentation, ruminal and fecal microbiota, and serum metabolomics. The results demonstrated that high-altitude exposure markedly reshaped ruminal fermentation, microbiota composition, and serum metabolome of Boer goats. Concomitant with the elevational shift, the ruminal pH increased, whereas acetic acid concentration and the acetate-to-propionate ratio decreased; however, fecal volatile fatty acid concentrations remained unchanged. Microbial alpha diversity was reduced in both ruminal and fecal samples. The high-altitude rumen of Boer goats was characterized by an enrichment of fiber-degradation-associated taxa, accompanied by significantly elevated relative abundances of Firmicutes_A, Ruminococcus_E, as well as a heightened Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio; in contrast, the relative abundances of fecal Patescibacteria, Faecousia, and Phocaeicola_A were decreased. Serum metabolomics profiling revealed that the acclimatization of Boer goats to high altitudes was characterized by profound alterations in energy and amino acid metabolism, coupled with hydromineral regulation and neuroactive metabolite pathways. Notably, energy-related metabolites, including 2-Oxoglutaric acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, and L-malic acid, were elevated in the high-altitude cohort and positively correlated with fibrolytic taxa such as Fibrobacterota, Fibrobacter and Ruminococcus_E. In summary, the metabolic synergy between the rumen microbiome and the host likely contributes to maintaining energy homeostasis in Boer goats in high-altitude environments. These findings provide a useful reference for developing targeted nutritional strategies to improve goat farming in plateau regions.

Circulating Organic Acid Profiles in Non-Ischaemic Cardiomyopathy: A Case-Control Study.[Pubmed:42645821]

J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2026 Jul 27;13(8):350.

Metabolic remodeling is increasingly recognized as a key component of cardiomyopathy, yet the circulating organic acid profile associated with this condition remains incompletely characterized. In this case-control study, we investigated differences in circulating organic acid profiles between patients with cardiomyopathy and control participants using targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 160 participants were enrolled, including 80 patients with cardiomyopathy and 80 age- and sex-comparable control participants. Circulating organic acids were quantitatively analyzed, and between-group differences were assessed using the two-sided Mann-Whitney U test with Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate correction; effect sizes were estimated using Cliff's delta. Detection rates were also examined because several metabolites included values below the assay limit of detection. Sixteen metabolites remained significant after correction. Among these, 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid demonstrated the largest increase, followed by 2-Oxoglutaric acid and 2-methylcitric acid. Additional elevations were observed in citric acid, malic acid, N-acetylaspartic acid, fumaric acid, and suberic acid, whereas 2-oxoadipic acid was reduced. These alterations are consistent with perturbations in mitochondrial intermediary metabolism, branched-chain amino acid catabolism, ketone body metabolism, and tricarboxylic acid cycle-related pathways. However, because comorbidities, renal function, glycemic status, and medication use differed between groups, the findings should be interpreted as phenotype-associated metabolic signals rather than cardiomyopathy-specific causal effects or validated diagnostic biomarkers. In conclusion, targeted LC-MS/MS-based organic acid profiling reveals an altered circulating metabolic pattern in cardiomyopathy, although further prospective studies with individual-level adjustment and external validation are required to determine its clinical relevance.

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