Cholesterol

CAS# 57-88-5

Cholesterol

Catalog No. BCN2199----Order now to get a substantial discount!

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Quality Control of Cholesterol

Number of papers citing our products

Chemical structure

Cholesterol

3D structure

Chemical Properties of Cholesterol

Cas No. 57-88-5 SDF Download SDF
PubChem ID 5997 Appearance Powder
Formula C27H46O M.Wt 386.67
Type of Compound Steroids Storage Desiccate at -20°C
Solubility Ethanol : 25 mg/mL (64.66 mM; Need ultrasonic)
DMSO : 0.79 mg/mL (2.04 mM; Need warming)
Chemical Name (3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-10,13-dimethyl-17-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol
SMILES CC(C)CCCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C
Standard InChIKey HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N
Standard InChI InChI=1S/C27H46O/c1-18(2)7-6-8-19(3)23-11-12-24-22-10-9-20-17-21(28)13-15-26(20,4)25(22)14-16-27(23,24)5/h9,18-19,21-25,28H,6-8,10-17H2,1-5H3/t19-,21+,22+,23-,24+,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1
General tips For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months.
We recommend that you prepare and use the solution on the same day. However, if the test schedule requires, the stock solutions can be prepared in advance, and the stock solution must be sealed and stored below -20℃. In general, the stock solution can be kept for several months.
Before use, we recommend that you leave the vial at room temperature for at least an hour before opening it.
About Packaging 1. The packaging of the product may be reversed during transportation, cause the high purity compounds to adhere to the neck or cap of the vial.Take the vail out of its packaging and shake gently until the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial.
2. For liquid products, please centrifuge at 500xg to gather the liquid to the bottom of the vial.
3. Try to avoid loss or contamination during the experiment.
Shipping Condition Packaging according to customer requirements(5mg, 10mg, 20mg and more). Ship via FedEx, DHL, UPS, EMS or other couriers with RT, or blue ice upon request.

Source of Cholesterol

The leaves of Olea europaea L.

Biological Activity of Cholesterol

DescriptionCholesterol, a major eukaryotic lipid, can markedly modulate protein dynamics.The liposomal single-molecule approach highlighted the significance of the Cholesterol-induced basal force for interhelical interactions, which will aid discussions of complex protein-membrane systems.Cholesterol trafficking as an attractive therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
TargetsVEGFR | mTOR
In vivo

Cholesterol treatment and changes in guidelines in an academic medical practice.[Pubmed: 25460526]

Am J Med. 2015 Apr;128(4):403-9.

National guidelines are intended to influence physician Cholesterol treatment practices, yet few studies have documented the effect of new guidelines on actual prescribing behaviors and impacts on patient eligibility for treatment. We describe current Cholesterol treatment in an academic practice of Family and Internal Medicine physicians as well the effect of a change in Cholesterol treatment guidelines from 2001 Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) to 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Medical records were extracted from primary care patients aged 40-75 years with at least one outpatient visit from January 1, 2012 to July 31, 2013; patients were included if they had records of Cholesterol testing, blood pressure measurement, sex, race, and smoking status. Patients were classified into ATPIII and ACC/AHA categories based on clinical variables (eg, diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease), Framingham Risk Score, and 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. There were 4536 patients included in the analysis. Of these, 71% met ATPIII goals and 56% met ACC/AHA guidelines, a 15% decrease. Forty-three percent of high-risk patients met their low-density lipoprotein goals and 46% were on statins. Overall, 32% of patients would need to be started on a statin, 12% require an increased dose, and 6% could stop statins. Of patients considered low risk by ATPIII guidelines, 271 would be eligible for treatment by ACC/AHA guidelines, whereas 129 patients were shifted from intermediate risk to low risk with the change in guidelines.
CONCLUSIONS:
The ACC/AHA guidelines expand the number of patients recommended to receive statins, particularly among patients who were previously thought to be at moderate risk, and would increase the intensity of treatment for many patients at high risk. Significant numbers of patients at risk for cardiovascular events were not receiving guideline-based treatment. New Cholesterol guidelines may make treatment decisions easier.

Cholesterol reduces the sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy via upregulating ABCG2 in lung adenocarcinoma.[Pubmed: 25603057]

Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015 Feb 20;457(4):614-20.

Inoperable lung adenocarcinoma is currently treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. However, the effectiveness of these chemotherapeutic agents is not the same for all patients.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Patients either show quick chemoresistance (QCR) or delayed chemoresistance (DCR), which are defined by 87 and 242 days of progression-free survival (PFS) after initial platinum-based treatment, respectively. We found that QCR patients displayed an elevated level of serum Cholesterol and that their tumors showed upregulated ABCG2 expression. We propose that chemoresistance may be attributed to Cholesterol-induced ABCG2 expression and hypothesize that blocking ABCG2 may increase the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents. Using the MTT cell viability assay, we observed that cotreatment with ABCG2 blocker Nicardipine and platinum-based drugs Cisplatin, Oxaliplatin or Carboplatin significantly decreased cell viability of tumor cells.
CONCLUSIONS:
Importantly, our results also showed that incubating cells with Cholesterol prior to chemotherapy treatment or cotreatment increased cell viability of tumor cells relative to the controls.

Protocol of Cholesterol

Kinase Assay

Inhibition of angiogenesis by selective estrogen receptor modulators through blockade of cholesterol trafficking rather than estrogen receptor antagonism.[Pubmed: 25799952]

Cancer Lett. 2015 Jun 28;362(1):106-15.

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) including tamoxifen are known to inhibit angiogenesis. However, the underlying mechanism, which is independent of their action on the estrogen receptor (ER), has remained largely unknown.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In the present study, we found that tamoxifen and other SERM inhibited Cholesterol trafficking in endothelial cells, causing a hyper-accumulation of Cholesterol in late endosomes/lysosomes. Inhibition of Cholesterol trafficking by tamoxifen was accompanied by abnormal subcellular distribution of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) and inhibition of the terminal glycosylation of the receptor. Tamoxifen also caused perinuclear positioning of lysosomes, which in turn trapped the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the perinuclear region of endothelial cells. Abnormal distribution of VEGFR2 and mTOR and inhibition of VEGFR2 and mTOR activities by tamoxifen were significantly reversed by addition of Cholesterol-cyclodextrin complex to the culture media of endothelial cells. Moreover, high concentrations of tamoxifen inhibited endothelial and breast cancer cell proliferation in a Cholesterol-dependent, but ER-independent, manner.
CONCLUSIONS:
Together, these results unraveled a previously unrecognized mechanism of angiogenesis inhibition by tamoxifen and other SERM, implicating Cholesterol trafficking as an attractive therapeutic target for cancer treatment.

Structure Identification
Biochemistry. 2015 Feb 17;54(6):1371-9.

Cholesterol-induced lipophobic interaction between transmembrane helices using ensemble and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer.[Pubmed: 25629582]

The solvent environment regulates the conformational dynamics and functions of solvated proteins. In cell membranes, Cholesterol, a major eukaryotic lipid, can markedly modulate protein dynamics.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
To investigate the nonspecific effects of Cholesterol on the dynamics and stability of helical membrane proteins, we monitored association-dissociation dynamics on the antiparallel dimer formation of two simple transmembrane helices (AALALAA)3 with single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) using Cy3B- and Cy5-labeled helices in lipid vesicles (time resolution of 17 ms). The incorporation of 30 mol % Cholesterol into phosphatidylcholine bilayers significantly stabilized the helix dimer with average lifetimes of 450-170 ms in 20-35 °C. Ensemble FRET measurements performed at 15-55 °C confirmed the Cholesterol-induced stabilization of the dimer (at 25 °C, ΔΔG(a) = -9 kJ mol(-1) and ΔΔHa = -60 kJ mol(-1)), most of which originated from "lipophobic" interactions by reducing helix-lipid contacts and the lateral pressure in the hydrocarbon core region. The temperature dependence of the dissociation process (activation energy of 48 kJ) was explained by the Kramers-type frictional barrier in membranes without assuming an enthalpically unfavorable transition state. In addition to these observations, Cholesterol-induced tilting of the helices, a positive ΔC(p(a)), and slower dimer formation compared with the random collision rate were consistent with a hypothetical model in which Cholesterol stabilizes the helix dimer into an hourglass shape to relieve the lateral pressure.
CONCLUSIONS:
Thus, the liposomal single-molecule approach highlighted the significance of the Cholesterol-induced basal force for interhelical interactions, which will aid discussions of complex protein-membrane systems.

Cholesterol Dilution Calculator

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Cholesterol Molarity Calculator

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Preparing Stock Solutions of Cholesterol

1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 20 mg 25 mg
1 mM 2.5862 mL 12.9309 mL 25.8618 mL 51.7237 mL 64.6546 mL
5 mM 0.5172 mL 2.5862 mL 5.1724 mL 10.3447 mL 12.9309 mL
10 mM 0.2586 mL 1.2931 mL 2.5862 mL 5.1724 mL 6.4655 mL
50 mM 0.0517 mL 0.2586 mL 0.5172 mL 1.0345 mL 1.2931 mL
100 mM 0.0259 mL 0.1293 mL 0.2586 mL 0.5172 mL 0.6465 mL
* Note: If you are in the process of experiment, it's necessary to make the dilution ratios of the samples. The dilution data above is only for reference. Normally, it's can get a better solubility within lower of Concentrations.

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References on Cholesterol

Inhibition of angiogenesis by selective estrogen receptor modulators through blockade of cholesterol trafficking rather than estrogen receptor antagonism.[Pubmed:25799952]

Cancer Lett. 2015 Jun 28;362(1):106-15.

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) including tamoxifen are known to inhibit angiogenesis. However, the underlying mechanism, which is independent of their action on the estrogen receptor (ER), has remained largely unknown. In the present study, we found that tamoxifen and other SERM inhibited Cholesterol trafficking in endothelial cells, causing a hyper-accumulation of Cholesterol in late endosomes/lysosomes. Inhibition of Cholesterol trafficking by tamoxifen was accompanied by abnormal subcellular distribution of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) and inhibition of the terminal glycosylation of the receptor. Tamoxifen also caused perinuclear positioning of lysosomes, which in turn trapped the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the perinuclear region of endothelial cells. Abnormal distribution of VEGFR2 and mTOR and inhibition of VEGFR2 and mTOR activities by tamoxifen were significantly reversed by addition of Cholesterol-cyclodextrin complex to the culture media of endothelial cells. Moreover, high concentrations of tamoxifen inhibited endothelial and breast cancer cell proliferation in a Cholesterol-dependent, but ER-independent, manner. Together, these results unraveled a previously unrecognized mechanism of angiogenesis inhibition by tamoxifen and other SERM, implicating Cholesterol trafficking as an attractive therapeutic target for cancer treatment.

Cholesterol-induced lipophobic interaction between transmembrane helices using ensemble and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer.[Pubmed:25629582]

Biochemistry. 2015 Feb 17;54(6):1371-9.

The solvent environment regulates the conformational dynamics and functions of solvated proteins. In cell membranes, Cholesterol, a major eukaryotic lipid, can markedly modulate protein dynamics. To investigate the nonspecific effects of Cholesterol on the dynamics and stability of helical membrane proteins, we monitored association-dissociation dynamics on the antiparallel dimer formation of two simple transmembrane helices (AALALAA)3 with single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) using Cy3B- and Cy5-labeled helices in lipid vesicles (time resolution of 17 ms). The incorporation of 30 mol % Cholesterol into phosphatidylcholine bilayers significantly stabilized the helix dimer with average lifetimes of 450-170 ms in 20-35 degrees C. Ensemble FRET measurements performed at 15-55 degrees C confirmed the Cholesterol-induced stabilization of the dimer (at 25 degrees C, DeltaDeltaG(a) = -9 kJ mol(-1) and DeltaDeltaHa = -60 kJ mol(-1)), most of which originated from "lipophobic" interactions by reducing helix-lipid contacts and the lateral pressure in the hydrocarbon core region. The temperature dependence of the dissociation process (activation energy of 48 kJ) was explained by the Kramers-type frictional barrier in membranes without assuming an enthalpically unfavorable transition state. In addition to these observations, Cholesterol-induced tilting of the helices, a positive DeltaC(p(a)), and slower dimer formation compared with the random collision rate were consistent with a hypothetical model in which Cholesterol stabilizes the helix dimer into an hourglass shape to relieve the lateral pressure. Thus, the liposomal single-molecule approach highlighted the significance of the Cholesterol-induced basal force for interhelical interactions, which will aid discussions of complex protein-membrane systems.

Cholesterol reduces the sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy via upregulating ABCG2 in lung adenocarcinoma.[Pubmed:25603057]

Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015 Feb 20;457(4):614-20.

Inoperable lung adenocarcinoma is currently treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. However, the effectiveness of these chemotherapeutic agents is not the same for all patients. Patients either show quick chemoresistance (QCR) or delayed chemoresistance (DCR), which are defined by 87 and 242 days of progression-free survival (PFS) after initial platinum-based treatment, respectively. We found that QCR patients displayed an elevated level of serum Cholesterol and that their tumors showed upregulated ABCG2 expression. We propose that chemoresistance may be attributed to Cholesterol-induced ABCG2 expression and hypothesize that blocking ABCG2 may increase the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents. Using the MTT cell viability assay, we observed that cotreatment with ABCG2 blocker Nicardipine and platinum-based drugs Cisplatin, Oxaliplatin or Carboplatin significantly decreased cell viability of tumor cells. Importantly, our results also showed that incubating cells with Cholesterol prior to chemotherapy treatment or cotreatment increased cell viability of tumor cells relative to the controls.

Cholesterol treatment and changes in guidelines in an academic medical practice.[Pubmed:25460526]

Am J Med. 2015 Apr;128(4):403-9.

BACKGROUND: National guidelines are intended to influence physician Cholesterol treatment practices, yet few studies have documented the effect of new guidelines on actual prescribing behaviors and impacts on patient eligibility for treatment. We describe current Cholesterol treatment in an academic practice of Family and Internal Medicine physicians as well the effect of a change in Cholesterol treatment guidelines from 2001 Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) to 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines. METHODS: Medical records were extracted from primary care patients aged 40-75 years with at least one outpatient visit from January 1, 2012 to July 31, 2013; patients were included if they had records of Cholesterol testing, blood pressure measurement, sex, race, and smoking status. Patients were classified into ATPIII and ACC/AHA categories based on clinical variables (eg, diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease), Framingham Risk Score, and 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. RESULTS: There were 4536 patients included in the analysis. Of these, 71% met ATPIII goals and 56% met ACC/AHA guidelines, a 15% decrease. Forty-three percent of high-risk patients met their low-density lipoprotein goals and 46% were on statins. Overall, 32% of patients would need to be started on a statin, 12% require an increased dose, and 6% could stop statins. Of patients considered low risk by ATPIII guidelines, 271 would be eligible for treatment by ACC/AHA guidelines, whereas 129 patients were shifted from intermediate risk to low risk with the change in guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: The ACC/AHA guidelines expand the number of patients recommended to receive statins, particularly among patients who were previously thought to be at moderate risk, and would increase the intensity of treatment for many patients at high risk. Significant numbers of patients at risk for cardiovascular events were not receiving guideline-based treatment. New Cholesterol guidelines may make treatment decisions easier.

Description

Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals and is makes up 20-25% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist.

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