Sucrose

Escherichia coli W shows fast, highly oxidative sucrose metabolism and low acetate formation.[Pubmed:25125039]

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2014 Nov;98(21):9033-44.

Sugarcane is the most efficient large-scale crop capable of supplying sufficient carbon substrate, in the form of Sucrose, needed during fermentative feedstock production. However, Sucrose metabolism in Escherichia coli is not well understood because the two most common strains, E. coli K-12 and B, do not grow on Sucrose. Here, using a Sucrose utilizing strain, E. coli W, we undertake an in-depth comparison of Sucrose and glucose metabolism including growth kinetics, metabolite profiling, microarray-based transcriptome analysis, labelling-based proteomic analysis and (13)C-fluxomics. While E. coli W grew comparably well on Sucrose and glucose integration of the omics, datasets showed that during growth on each carbon source, metabolism was distinct. The metabolism was generally derepressed on Sucrose, and significant flux rearrangements were observed in central carbon metabolism. These included a reduction in the flux of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway branch, an increase in the tricarboxylic acid cycle flux and a reduction in the glyoxylate shunt flux due to the dephosphorylation of isocitrate dehydrogenase. But unlike growth on other sugars that induce cAMP-dependent Crp regulation, the phosphoenol-pyruvate-glyoxylate cycle was not active on Sucrose. Lower acetate accumulation was also observed in Sucrose compared to glucose cultures. This was linked to induction of the acetate catabolic genes actP and acs and independent of the glyoxylic shunt. Overall, the cells stayed highly oxidative. In summary, Sucrose metabolism was fast, efficient and led to low acetate accumulation making it an ideal carbon source for industrial fermentation with E. coli W.

Injectable colloidal gold in a sucrose acetate isobutyrate gelating matrix with potential use in radiation therapy.[Pubmed:24733773]

Adv Healthc Mater. 2014 Oct;3(10):1680-7.

External beam radiation therapy relies on the ability to deliver high radiation doses to tumor cells with minimal exposure to surrounding healthy tissue. Advanced irradiation techniques, including image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), rely on the ability to locate tumors to optimize the therapeutic benefit of these techniques. Today, radiopaque fiducial tissue markers are placed in or around tumors, for example, in prostate cancer patients to enhance the precision of daily and/or real-time IGRT. A liquid injectable fiducial marker (nanogel) is developed based on PEGylated gold nanoparticles and Sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB) with improved properties compared to current solid fiducial markers. The developed nanogel is investigated in vitro and subsequently evaluated in vivo in immunocompetent NMRI mice. The nanogel shows high CT-contrast and excellent stability in vivo over a period of 12 weeks. The nanogel is found to be biocompatible and well tolerated. No induction of the inflammatory cytokines INF-gamma, IL-6, or TNF-alpha is observed throughout the study period. The developed nanogel seems to be a safe injectable fiducial marker ideally suited for IGRT that may further enhance the effect of radiation.

Metabolic activity of Streptococcus mutans biofilms and gene expression during exposure to xylitol and sucrose.[Pubmed:25059251]

Int J Oral Sci. 2014 Dec;6(4):195-204.

The objective of the study was to analyse Streptococcus mutans biofilms grown under different dietary conditions by using multifaceted methodological approaches to gain deeper insight into the cariogenic impact of carbohydrates. S. mutans biofilms were generated during a period of 24 h in the following media: Schaedler broth as a control medium containing endogenous glucose, Schaedler broth with an additional 5% Sucrose, and Schaedler broth supplemented with 1% xylitol. The confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)-based analyses of the microbial vitality, respiratory activity (5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride, CTC) and production of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) were performed separately in the inner, middle and outer biofilm layers. In addition to the microbiological sample testing, the glucose/Sucrose consumption of the biofilm bacteria was quantified, and the expression of glucosyltransferases and other biofilm-associated genes was investigated. Xylitol exposure did not inhibit the viability of S. mutans biofilms, as monitored by the following experimental parameters: culture growth, vitality, CTC activity and EPS production. However, xylitol exposure caused a difference in gene expression compared to the control. GtfC was upregulated only in the presence of xylitol. Under xylitol exposure, gtfB was upregulated by a factor of 6, while under Sucrose exposure, it was upregulated by a factor of three. Compared with glucose and xylitol, Sucrose increased cell vitality in all biofilm layers. In all nutrient media, the intrinsic glucose was almost completely consumed by the cells of the S. mutans biofilm within 24 h. After 24 h of biofilm formation, the multiparametric measurements showed that xylitol in the presence of glucose caused predominantly genotypic differences but did not induce metabolic differences compared to the control. Thus, the availability of dietary carbohydrates in either a pure or combined form seems to affect the cariogenic potential of S. mutans biofilms.

Behavioral and circuit basis of sucrose rejection by Drosophila females in a simple decision-making task.[Pubmed:25632118]

J Neurosci. 2015 Jan 28;35(4):1396-410.

Drosophila melanogaster egg-laying site selection offers a genetic model to study a simple form of value-based decision. We have previously shown that Drosophila females consistently reject a Sucrose-containing substrate and choose a plain (Sucrose-free) substrate for egg laying in our Sucrose versus plain decision assay. However, either substrate is accepted when it is the sole option. Here we describe the neural mechanism that underlies females' Sucrose rejection in our Sucrose versus plain assay. First, we demonstrate that females explored the Sucrose substrate frequently before most egg-laying events, suggesting that they actively suppress laying eggs on the Sucrose substrate as opposed to avoiding visits to it. Second, we show that activating a specific subset of DA neurons triggered a preference for laying eggs on the Sucrose substrate over the plain one, suggesting that activating these DA neurons can increase the value of the Sucrose substrate for egg laying. Third, we demonstrate that neither ablating nor inhibiting the mushroom body (MB), a known Drosophila learning and decision center, affected females' egg-laying preferences in our Sucrose versus plain assay, suggesting that MB does not mediate this specific decision-making task. We propose that the value of a Sucrose substrate- as an egg-laying option-can be adjusted by the activities of a specific DA circuit. Once the Sucrose substrate is determined to be the lesser valued option, females execute their decision to reject this inferior substrate not by stopping their visits to it, but by actively suppressing their egg-laying motor program during their visits.