D-GalactoseCAS# 59-23-4 |
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Quality Control & MSDS
3D structure
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| Cas No. | 59-23-4 | SDF | Download SDF |
| PubChem ID | 6036 | Appearance | Powder |
| Formula | C6H12O6 | M.Wt | 180.16 |
| Type of Compound | N/A | Storage | Desiccate at -20°C |
| Synonyms | D-(+)-Galactose | ||
| Solubility | H2O : 100 mg/mL (555.06 mM; Need ultrasonic) | ||
| Chemical Name | (3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol | ||
| SMILES | C(C1C(C(C(C(O1)O)O)O)O)O | ||
| Standard InChIKey | WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-SVZMEOIVSA-N | ||
| Standard InChI | InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3+,4+,5-,6?/m1/s1 | ||
| General tips | For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months. We recommend that you prepare and use the solution on the same day. However, if the test schedule requires, the stock solutions can be prepared in advance, and the stock solution must be sealed and stored below -20℃. In general, the stock solution can be kept for several months. Before use, we recommend that you leave the vial at room temperature for at least an hour before opening it. |
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| About Packaging | 1. The packaging of the product may be reversed during transportation, cause the high purity compounds to adhere to the neck or cap of the vial.Take the vail out of its packaging and shake gently until the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial. 2. For liquid products, please centrifuge at 500xg to gather the liquid to the bottom of the vial. 3. Try to avoid loss or contamination during the experiment. |
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| Shipping Condition | Packaging according to customer requirements(5mg, 10mg, 20mg and more). Ship via FedEx, DHL, UPS, EMS or other couriers with RT, or blue ice upon request. | ||
D-Galactose Dilution Calculator
D-Galactose Molarity Calculator
| 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 20 mg | 25 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.5506 mL | 27.7531 mL | 55.5062 mL | 111.0124 mL | 138.7655 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.1101 mL | 5.5506 mL | 11.1012 mL | 22.2025 mL | 27.7531 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.5551 mL | 2.7753 mL | 5.5506 mL | 11.1012 mL | 13.8766 mL |
| 50 mM | 0.111 mL | 0.5551 mL | 1.1101 mL | 2.2202 mL | 2.7753 mL |
| 100 mM | 0.0555 mL | 0.2775 mL | 0.5551 mL | 1.1101 mL | 1.3877 mL |
| * Note: If you are in the process of experiment, it's necessary to make the dilution ratios of the samples. The dilution data above is only for reference. Normally, it's can get a better solubility within lower of Concentrations. | |||||
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D-Galactose is a natural aldohexose and C-4 epimer of glucose.
In Vitro:Galactose is important for the survival and virulence of bacteria. In Escherichia coli galactose is utilized by the Leloir pathway. Two anomers of d-galactose are used for different purposes, α-d-galactose as a carbon source and β-d-galactose for induction of UDP-galactose synthesis for biosynthetic glycosylation[1].
In Vivo:Chronic D-galactose exposure induces neurodegeneration by enhancing caspase-mediated apoptosis and inhibiting neurogenesis and neuron migration in mice, as well as increasing oxidative damage. In addition, D-galactose-induced toxicity in mice is a useful model for studying the mechanisms of neurodegeneration and neuroprotective drugs and agents[2]. D-galactose given by oral route causes cognitive impairments in rats which are accompanied by oxidative damage. Cognitive impairments is observed in the open-field test in the 4th and 6th weeks after d-gal administration, as well as an impairment in spatial memory in the radial maze test after the 6th week of d-gal administration[3].
References:
[1]. Csiszovszki Z, et al. Structure and function of the D-galactose network in enterobacteria. MBio. 2011 Jun 28;2(4):e00053-11.
[2]. Cui X, et al. Chronic systemic D-galactose exposure induces memory loss, neurodegeneration, and oxidativedamage in mice: protective effects of R-alpha-lipoic acid. J Neurosci Res. 2006 Aug 15;84(3):647-54.
[3]. Budni J, et al. Oral administration of d-galactose induces cognitive impairments and oxidative damage in rats. Behav Brain Res. 2016 Apr 1;302:35-43.
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Insight into carrageenases: major review of sources, category, property, purification method, structure, and applications.[Pubmed:29764223]
Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2018 Dec;38(8):1261-1276.
Carrageenan, a kind of linear sulfated polysaccharides consisting of D-Galactose with alternating alpha-1,3 and beta-1,4 linkages, has been widely applied in the food and cosmetic industries as thickening and gelling agents due to excellent properties, such as gel-forming ability and chemical stability. It can be degraded by carrageenases to produce a series of even-numbered carrageenan oligosaccharides, which exhibit various fascinating functions, such as anti-inflammation, anti-coagulation, anti-tumor, and anti-thrombosis effects. Numerous carrageenases have been isolated and identified from various sources. The enzymes are grouped into three categories, namely kappa-carrageenase, iota-carrageenase, and lambda-carrageenase based on their substrate specificities and primary sequences, respectively. Elucidating the paradigm of the enzyme at every aspect would definitely enhance our understanding of the marine carbon cycling and natural evolution of glycoside hydrolases (GHs). The structural features of these enzymes have been fully illustrated, which will improve our knowledge of its catalytic mechanisms. In this review, we have summarized the recent progresses of major sources, category, and the enzyme's biochemical characteristics. Additionally, structural characteristics and catalytic mechanisms have been introduced in detail. We conclude with a brief discussion of the potential of the carrageenases in possible future applications in preparing functional oligosaccharides with versatile activities. This comprehensive information should be helpful regarding the application of carrageenases.
[Transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell improves antioxidant capacity and immune activity of aging model rats ].[Pubmed:29762001]
Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2017 Feb;33(2):151-4.
Objective: To investigate the impact of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell( BMSC) transplantation on the antioxidant capacity and immune activity of aging rats induced by D-Galactose. Methods: Ten healthy male SD rats served as a control group( aged 2 months). To establish aging models,healthy SD rats were daily injected subcutaneously with D-Galactose( 400 mg / kg). Then the aging model rats were randomized into aging model group and BMSC group( ten rats in each group). The BMSC group was injected with 3 x 106 BMSCs via tail vein. And rats in the control and model groups were injected with the same amount of normal saline. Blood samples were taken from the rats of the three groups to detect the content of malonaldehyde( MDA) and the activities of superoxide dismutase( SOD). The thymic mass was weighed and the indexes of thymus were calculated; thymus lymphocyte transforming index was measured with MTT assay; the levels of IL-2and IL-10 in the thymus were detected by ELISA; and the ultrastructural changes of the thymus in each group were observed under a transmission electron microscope. Results: BMSC transplantation can increase the activity of SOD,decrease the level of MDA. Compared with the model group,the indexes of thymus as well as thymus lymphocyte transforming index significantly increased in the BMSC group. And in the BMSC group,the level of IL-2 was higher,and the level of IL-10 was distinctly lower. The thymus cells were arranged loosely,some nuclei presented with characteristic changes of pyknosis or apoptosis,and adipose tissues increased in the aging model group. BMSC could protect the ultrastructures of thymus cells,reticulo-epithelial cells,and the cell organelles were abundant and complete. Conclusion: BMSC transplantation can improve antioxidant capacity and immune activity of aging rats,thus postponing immunosenescence.
Structure of the Exopolysaccharide Secreted by a Marine Strain Vibrio alginolyticus.[Pubmed:29762521]
Mar Drugs. 2018 May 15;16(5). pii: md16050164.
Vibrio alginolyticus (CNCM I-4151) secretes an exopolysaccharide whose carbohydrate backbone is decorated with amino acids, likely conferring its properties that are appreciated in cosmetics. Here, the secreted polysaccharide of another strain of V. alginolyticus (CNCM I-5034) was characterized by chromatography and one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy experiments. The structure was resolved and shows that the carbohydrate backbone is made of four residues: D-Galactose (Gal), D-galacturonic acid (GalA) D-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and D-glucuronic acid (GlcA), forming a tetrasaccharide repetition unit [-->4)-beta-d-GlcA-(1-->3)-alpha-d-Gal-(1-->3)-alpha-d-GalA-(1-->3)-beta-GlcNAc(1 -->]. GlcA is derivatized with a lactate group giving 'nosturonic acid', and GalA is decorated with the amino acid alanine.
