Procaine

CAS# 59-46-1

Procaine

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Chemical structure

Procaine

3D structure

Chemical Properties of Procaine

Cas No. 59-46-1 SDF Download SDF
PubChem ID 4914 Appearance Powder
Formula C13H20N2O2 M.Wt 236.31
Type of Compound Alkaloids Storage Desiccate at -20°C
Solubility DMSO : 100 mg/mL (423.17 mM; Need ultrasonic)
H2O : 1 mg/mL (4.23 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C)
Chemical Name 2-(diethylamino)ethyl 4-aminobenzoate
SMILES CCN(CC)CCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(C=C1)N
Standard InChIKey MFDFERRIHVXMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Standard InChI InChI=1S/C13H20N2O2/c1-3-15(4-2)9-10-17-13(16)11-5-7-12(14)8-6-11/h5-8H,3-4,9-10,14H2,1-2H3
General tips For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months.
We recommend that you prepare and use the solution on the same day. However, if the test schedule requires, the stock solutions can be prepared in advance, and the stock solution must be sealed and stored below -20℃. In general, the stock solution can be kept for several months.
Before use, we recommend that you leave the vial at room temperature for at least an hour before opening it.
About Packaging 1. The packaging of the product may be reversed during transportation, cause the high purity compounds to adhere to the neck or cap of the vial.Take the vail out of its packaging and shake gently until the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial.
2. For liquid products, please centrifuge at 500xg to gather the liquid to the bottom of the vial.
3. Try to avoid loss or contamination during the experiment.
Shipping Condition Packaging according to customer requirements(5mg, 10mg, 20mg and more). Ship via FedEx, DHL, UPS, EMS or other couriers with RT, or blue ice upon request.

Source of Procaine

The

Biological Activity of Procaine

DescriptionProcaine is a benzoic acid derivative with local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic properties. Procaine binds to and inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby inhibiting the ionic flux required for the initiation and conduction of impulses. It is a DNA-demethylating agent with growth-inhibitory effects in human cancer cells, it inhibits the Wnt canonical pathway by promoter demethylation of WIF-1 in lung cancer cells.
TargetsDNA/RNA Synthesis
In vitro

Procaine is a DNA-demethylating agent with growth-inhibitory effects in human cancer cells.[Pubmed: 12941824]

Cancer Res. 2003 Aug 15;63(16):4984-9.

Methylation-associated silencing of tumor suppressor genes is recognized as being a molecular hallmark of human cancer. Unlike genetic alterations, changes in DNA methylation are potentially reversible. This possibility has attracted considerable attention from a therapeutics standpoint. Nucleoside-analogue inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases, such as 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, are able to demethylate DNA and restore silenced gene expression. Unfortunately, the clinical utility of these compounds has not yet been fully realized, mainly because of their side effects. A few non-nucleoside inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases have been reported, including the anti-arrhythmia drug procainamide. Following this need to find new demethylating agents, we have tested the potential use of Procaine, an anesthetic drug related to procainamide.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Using the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, we have found that Procaine is a DNA-demethylating agent that produces a 40% reduction in 5-methylcytosine DNA content as determined by high-performance capillary electrophoresis or total DNA enzyme digestion. Procaine can also demethylate densely hypermethylated CpG islands, such as those located in the promoter region of the RAR beta 2 gene, restoring gene expression of epigenetically silenced genes. This property may be explained by our finding that Procaine binds to CpG-enriched DNA. Finally, Procaine also has growth-inhibitory effects in these cancer cells, causing mitotic arrest.
CONCLUSIONS:
Thus, Procaine is a promising candidate agent for future cancer therapies based on epigenetics.

Procaine and mepivacaine have less toxicity in vitro than other clinically used local anesthetics.[Pubmed: 12818948]

Anesth Analg. 2003 Jul;97(1):85-90,

The neurotoxicity of local anesthetics can be demonstrated in vitro by the collapse of growth cones and neurites in cultured neurons. We compared the neurotoxicity of Procaine, mepivacaine, ropivacaine, bupivacaine, lidocaine, tetracaine, and dibucaine by using cultured neurons from the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. A solution of local anesthetics was added to the culture dish to make final concentrations ranging from 1 x 10(-6) to 2 x 10(-2) M. Morphological changes in the growth cones and neurites were observed and graded 1 (moderate) or 2 (severe). The median concentrations yielding a score of 1 were 5 x 10(-4) M for Procaine, 5 x 10(-4) M for mepivacaine, 2 x 10(-4) M for ropivacaine, 2 x 10(-4) M for bupivacaine, 1 x 10(-4) M for lidocaine, 5 x 10(-5) M for tetracaine, and 2 x 10(-5) M for dibucaine. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed between mepivacaine and ropivacaine, bupivacaine and lidocaine, lidocaine and tetracaine, and tetracaine and dibucaine. The order of neurotoxicity was Procaine = mepivacaine < ropivacaine = bupivacaine < lidocaine < tetracaine < dibucaine. Although lidocaine is more toxic than bupivacaine and ropivacaine, mepivacaine, which has a similar pharmacological effect to lidocaine, has the least-adverse effects on cone growth among clinically used local anesthetics.

Protocol of Procaine

Kinase Assay

Procaine and procainamide inhibit the Wnt canonical pathway by promoter demethylation of WIF-1 in lung cancer cells.[Pubmed: 19885602]

Oncol Rep. 2009 Dec;22(6):1479-84.

Secreted Wingless type (Wnt) ligands have previously been shown to be involved in tumor developmental processes and oncogenesis. Aberrant promoter methylation of Wnt inhibitory factor-1 (WIF-1) is a fundamental mechanism of epigenetic silencing in human cancers. Procaine, a local anesthetic drug, and procainamide, a drug for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, have been reported as inhibitors of DNA methylation, causing demethylation and reactivation of methylation-silenced genes such as RARbeta and GSTP1. The promoter demethylation of WIF-1 has not previously been reported on. We demonstrated previously that WIF-1 is silenced due to promoter hypermethylation in lung cancer cell lines.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In this study, we demonstrate promoter demethylation of WIF-1; restoration of WIF-1 expression, and underexpression of cytosolic beta-catenin protein and TCF reporter activity, after Procaine and procainamide treatment in H460 and A549 cell lines. Our results provide the first evidence that Procaine and procainamide reactivate WIF-1 in these cancer cells and downregulate the Wnt canonical pathway.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results further suggest that Procaine and procainamide may have a potential use for preventing the development of lung cancer.

Procaine Dilution Calculator

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Procaine Molarity Calculator

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Preparing Stock Solutions of Procaine

1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 20 mg 25 mg
1 mM 4.2317 mL 21.1586 mL 42.3173 mL 84.6346 mL 105.7932 mL
5 mM 0.8463 mL 4.2317 mL 8.4635 mL 16.9269 mL 21.1586 mL
10 mM 0.4232 mL 2.1159 mL 4.2317 mL 8.4635 mL 10.5793 mL
50 mM 0.0846 mL 0.4232 mL 0.8463 mL 1.6927 mL 2.1159 mL
100 mM 0.0423 mL 0.2116 mL 0.4232 mL 0.8463 mL 1.0579 mL
* Note: If you are in the process of experiment, it's necessary to make the dilution ratios of the samples. The dilution data above is only for reference. Normally, it's can get a better solubility within lower of Concentrations.

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Background on Procaine

Procaine is a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group, which acts through multiple targets.

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References on Procaine

Procaine and mepivacaine have less toxicity in vitro than other clinically used local anesthetics.[Pubmed:12818948]

Anesth Analg. 2003 Jul;97(1):85-90, table of contents.

UNLABELLED: The neurotoxicity of local anesthetics can be demonstrated in vitro by the collapse of growth cones and neurites in cultured neurons. We compared the neurotoxicity of Procaine, mepivacaine, ropivacaine, bupivacaine, lidocaine, tetracaine, and dibucaine by using cultured neurons from the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. A solution of local anesthetics was added to the culture dish to make final concentrations ranging from 1 x 10(-6) to 2 x 10(-2) M. Morphological changes in the growth cones and neurites were observed and graded 1 (moderate) or 2 (severe). The median concentrations yielding a score of 1 were 5 x 10(-4) M for Procaine, 5 x 10(-4) M for mepivacaine, 2 x 10(-4) M for ropivacaine, 2 x 10(-4) M for bupivacaine, 1 x 10(-4) M for lidocaine, 5 x 10(-5) M for tetracaine, and 2 x 10(-5) M for dibucaine. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed between mepivacaine and ropivacaine, bupivacaine and lidocaine, lidocaine and tetracaine, and tetracaine and dibucaine. The order of neurotoxicity was Procaine = mepivacaine < ropivacaine = bupivacaine < lidocaine < tetracaine < dibucaine. Although lidocaine is more toxic than bupivacaine and ropivacaine, mepivacaine, which has a similar pharmacological effect to lidocaine, has the least-adverse effects on cone growth among clinically used local anesthetics. IMPLICATIONS: Systematic comparison was assessed morphologically in growth cones and neurites exposed to seven local anesthetics. The order of neurotoxicity was Procaine = mepivacaine < ropivacaine = bupivacaine < lidocaine < tetracaine < dibucaine. Although lidocaine is more toxic than bupivacaine and ropivacaine, mepivacaine, which has a similar pharmacological effect to lidocaine, is the safest among clinically used local anesthetics.

Procaine is a DNA-demethylating agent with growth-inhibitory effects in human cancer cells.[Pubmed:12941824]

Cancer Res. 2003 Aug 15;63(16):4984-9.

Methylation-associated silencing of tumor suppressor genes is recognized as being a molecular hallmark of human cancer. Unlike genetic alterations, changes in DNA methylation are potentially reversible. This possibility has attracted considerable attention from a therapeutics standpoint. Nucleoside-analogue inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases, such as 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, are able to demethylate DNA and restore silenced gene expression. Unfortunately, the clinical utility of these compounds has not yet been fully realized, mainly because of their side effects. A few non-nucleoside inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases have been reported, including the anti-arrhythmia drug procainamide. Following this need to find new demethylating agents, we have tested the potential use of Procaine, an anesthetic drug related to procainamide. Using the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, we have found that Procaine is a DNA-demethylating agent that produces a 40% reduction in 5-methylcytosine DNA content as determined by high-performance capillary electrophoresis or total DNA enzyme digestion. Procaine can also demethylate densely hypermethylated CpG islands, such as those located in the promoter region of the RAR beta 2 gene, restoring gene expression of epigenetically silenced genes. This property may be explained by our finding that Procaine binds to CpG-enriched DNA. Finally, Procaine also has growth-inhibitory effects in these cancer cells, causing mitotic arrest. Thus, Procaine is a promising candidate agent for future cancer therapies based on epigenetics.

Procaine and procainamide inhibit the Wnt canonical pathway by promoter demethylation of WIF-1 in lung cancer cells.[Pubmed:19885602]

Oncol Rep. 2009 Dec;22(6):1479-84.

Secreted Wingless type (Wnt) ligands have previously been shown to be involved in tumor developmental processes and oncogenesis. Aberrant promoter methylation of Wnt inhibitory factor-1 (WIF-1) is a fundamental mechanism of epigenetic silencing in human cancers. Procaine, a local anesthetic drug, and procainamide, a drug for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, have been reported as inhibitors of DNA methylation, causing demethylation and reactivation of methylation-silenced genes such as RARbeta and GSTP1. The promoter demethylation of WIF-1 has not previously been reported on. We demonstrated previously that WIF-1 is silenced due to promoter hypermethylation in lung cancer cell lines. In this study, we demonstrate promoter demethylation of WIF-1; restoration of WIF-1 expression, and underexpression of cytosolic beta-catenin protein and TCF reporter activity, after Procaine and procainamide treatment in H460 and A549 cell lines. Our results provide the first evidence that Procaine and procainamide reactivate WIF-1 in these cancer cells and downregulate the Wnt canonical pathway. These results further suggest that Procaine and procainamide may have a potential use for preventing the development of lung cancer.

Description

Procaine is a DNA-demethylating agent. Procaine acts through multiple targets and has a slow onset and a short duration of action.

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