GW9508

GW9508 is a selective agonist of GPR40 and 120 with pEC50 value of 7.32 ± 0.03 and 5.46 ± 0.09, respectively [1].
GPR40/120 belongs to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) family and is activated by free fatty acids. Mucosal inflammation induced the overexpression of GPR40, GPR120, and several inflammatory cytokines, with correlations between ileal concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and GPR expression levels [2] [3].
GW9508 is a GPR40/120 agonist and is different from the reported GPR40/120 agonist GW1100. When tested with HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney) cells expressing GPR40 or GRP120, GW9508 treatment increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration via activating GPR40/120 in a dose-dependent manner [1]. In rat pancreaticβ-cells, GW9508 treatment activated KATP channels which inhibited GSIS through agonist of GPR40 and GPR120 [4]. When tested with TNF-α treated rat L cells, administration of GW9508 increased the expression of GLP-2 via activating GPR40 and 120 [2].
References:
[1].Briscoe, C.P., et al., Pharmacological regulation of insulin secretion in MIN6 cells through the fatty acid receptor GPR40: identification of agonist and antagonist small molecules. Br J Pharmacol, 2006. 148(5): p. 619-28.
[2].Tsukahara, T., et al., Tumor necrosis factor alpha decreases glucagon-like peptide-2 expression by up-regulating G-protein-coupled receptor 120 in Crohn disease. Am J Pathol, 2015. 185(1): p. 185-96.
[3].Habib, A.M., et al., Co-localisation and secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY from primary cultured human L cells. Diabetologia, 2013. 56(6): p. 1413-6.
[4].Zhao, Y.F., et al., GW9508 inhibits insulin secretion by activating ATP-sensitive potassium channels in rat pancreatic beta-cells. J Mol Endocrinol, 2013. 51(1): p. 69-77.

Insight into analysis of interactions of GW9508 to wild-type and H86F and H137F GPR40: a combined QM/MM study and pharmacophore modeling.[Pubmed:21334233]

J Mol Graph Model. 2011 Apr;29(6):818-25.

GPR40 is a novel potential target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In this work, a two-layered ONIOM based QM/MM approach was employed to study the interactions between GW9508 and GPR40: wild-type, H86F, and H137F mutated systems. The calculated results clearly indicated that His137 is directly involved in ligand recognition through the NH-pi interaction with the GW9508. In contrast, His86 is not interacting with the GW9508 in the NH-pi interaction. The interaction energies, calculated at the MP2/6-31(d, p) level, were performed to gain more insight into the energetic differences of the wild-type and two mutated systems at the atomistic level. In addition, the obtained pharmacophore model was well consistent with structure-functional requirements for the binding of GPR40 agonists and with per-residue energy decomposition of the ONIOM calculations.

GW9508, a free fatty acid receptor agonist, specifically induces cell death in bone resorbing precursor cells through increased oxidative stress from mitochondrial origin.[Pubmed:23973666]

Exp Cell Res. 2013 Nov 15;319(19):3035-41.

GW9508 is a free fatty acid receptor agonist able to protect from ovariectomy-induced bone loss in vivo thought inhibition of osteoclast differentiation in a G-coupled Protein Receptor 40 (GPR40)-dependent way. In this study, we questioned whether higher doses of GW9508 may also influence resorbing cell viability specifically. Interestingly, GW9508 at 100 microM altered osteoclast precursor (OcP) viability while it had positive effects on osteoblastic precursors suggesting an activity dependent on the cell lineage. According to 7-AAD/Annexin-V staining, induced OcP cell death was found to be associated with necrosis mechanisms. Consistently, GW9508 led to a sustained establishment of oxidative stress from mitochondrial origin. In contrast to previous observations on osteoclast differentiation inhibition, OcP viability targeted by high doses of GW9508 appeared to be independent of GPR40 involvement. Although mediating structures remain to be determined, our data demonstrate for the first time that this fatty acid receptor agonist driving OcP specific cell death may now open new perspectives regarding therapeutic strategies in osteolytic disorders.

GW9508 inhibits insulin secretion by activating ATP-sensitive potassium channels in rat pancreatic beta-cells.[Pubmed:23628491]

J Mol Endocrinol. 2013 Jun 1;51(1):69-77.

GW9508 is an agonist of G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) that is expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and is reported to regulate insulin secretion. However, the effects of GW9508 on pancreatic beta-cells in primary culture have not been well investigated. This study measured the acute effects of GW9508 on insulin secretion from rat pancreatic islets in primary culture, and the insulin secretion-related events such as the changes in membrane potential, ATP-sensitive potassium currents (KATP currents), and intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+)]i) of rat islet beta-cells were also recorded. GW9508 (10-40 muM) did not influence basal insulin levels at 2 mM glucose, but it (above 20 muM) significantly inhibited 5 and 15 mM glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). GW9508 did not inhibit insulin secretion stimulated by tolbutamide, the closer of KATP channels. GW9508 activated KATP channels and blocked the membrane depolarization and the increase in [Ca(2+)]i that were stimulated by glucose. GW9508 itself stimulated a transient increase in [Ca(2+)]i, which was fully blocked by depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores with thapsigargin or by inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) activity with U73122. GW9508-induced activation of KATP channels was only partly inhibited by U73122 treatment. In conclusion, although it stimulates a transient release of Ca(2+) from intracellular Ca(2+) stores via activation of PLC, GW9508 inhibits GSIS by activating KATP channels probably in a distal step to GPR40 activation in rat beta-cells.

A GPR40 agonist GW9508 suppresses CCL5, CCL17, and CXCL10 induction in keratinocytes and attenuates cutaneous immune inflammation.[Pubmed:21593768]

J Invest Dermatol. 2011 Aug;131(8):1660-7.

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) exert diverse physiological functions, many of which are exploited therapeutically. The roles of GPCR in keratinocytes in immune response in the skin, however, remain poorly defined. In this study, we focused on Gi-coupled GPCR in keratinocytes and defined their actions in immunoactivation of cultured keratinocytes in vitro and immune reaction in the skin in vivo. We first activated HaCaT cells by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IFN-gamma and examined effects of various ligands for GPCR on production of CCL17 and CCL5. Agonists for Gi-coupled receptors, particularly GW9508 for GPR40, inhibited CCL17 and CCL5 expression in a pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. The inhibitory effect by GW9508 was abrogated by depletion of GPR40 with RNA interference. GW9508 further suppressed expression of IL-11, IL-24, and IL-33 induced in HaCaT cells by TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. GW9508 also inhibited CCL5 and CXCL10 production by normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Administration of GW9508 topically to the skin in the challenging phase suppressed ear swelling in a repeated hapten application model and contact hypersensitivity with downregulation of CCL5 and CXCL10, respectively. Thus, in the skin, stimulation of Gi-coupled receptors attenuates induction of critical cytokines and chemokines by proinflammatory cytokines in keratinocytes and suppresses allergic inflammation in the skin.

Activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in rat pancreatic beta-cells by linoleic acid through both intracellular metabolites and membrane receptor signalling pathway.[Pubmed:18550787]

J Endocrinol. 2008 Sep;198(3):533-40.

ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K(ATP) channels) determine the excitability of pancreatic beta-cells and importantly regulate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Long-chain free fatty acids (FFAs) decrease GSIS after long-term exposure to beta-cells, but the effects of exogenous FFAs on K(ATP) channels are not yet well clarified. In this study, the effects of linoleic acid (LA) on membrane potential (MP) and K(ATP) channels were observed in primary cultured rat pancreatic beta-cells. LA (20 microM) induced hyperpolarization of MP and opening of K(ATP) channels, which was totally reversed and inhibited by tolbutamide, a K(ATP) channel blocker. Inhibition of LA metabolism by acyl-CoA synthetase inhibitor, triacsin C (10 microM), partially inhibited LA-induced opening of K(ATP) channels by 64%. The non-FFA G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 40 agonist, GW9508 (40 microM), induced an opening of K(ATP) channels, which was similar to that induced by LA under triacsin C treatment. Blockade of protein kinases A and C did not influence the opening of K(ATP) channels induced by LA and GW9508, indicating that these two protein kinase pathways are not involved in the action of LA on K(ATP) channels. The present study demonstrates that LA induces hyperpolarization of MP by activating K(ATP) channels via both intracellular metabolites and activation of GPR40. It indicates that not only intracellular metabolites of FFAs but also GPR40-mediated pathways take part in the inhibition of GSIS and beta-cell dysfunction induced by FFAs.

Pharmacological regulation of insulin secretion in MIN6 cells through the fatty acid receptor GPR40: identification of agonist and antagonist small molecules.[Pubmed:16702987]

Br J Pharmacol. 2006 Jul;148(5):619-28.

1. Long chain fatty acids have recently been identified as agonists for the G protein-coupled receptors GPR40 and GPR120. Here, we present the first description of GW9508, a small-molecule agonist of the fatty acid receptors GPR40 and GPR120. In addition, we also describe the pharmacology of GW1100, a selective GPR40 antagonist. These molecules were used to further investigate the role of GPR40 in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the MIN6 mouse pancreatic beta-cell line. 2. GW9508 and linoleic acid both stimulated intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells expressing GPR40 (pEC50 values of 7.32+/-0.03 and 5.65+/-0.06, respectively) or GPR120 (pEC50 values of 5.46+/-0.09 and 5.89+/-0.04, respectively), but not in the parent HEK-293 cell line. 3. GW1100 dose dependently inhibited GPR40-mediated Ca2+ elevations stimulated by GW9508 and linoleic acid (pIC50 values of 5.99+/-0.03 and 5.99+/-0.06, respectively). GW1100 had no effect on the GPR120-mediated stimulation of intracellular Ca2+ release produced by either GW9508 or linoleic acid. 4. GW9508 dose dependently potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in MIN6 cells, but not in primary rat or mouse islets. Furthermore, GW9508 was able to potentiate the KCl-mediated increase in insulin secretion in MIN6 cells. The effects of GW9508 on insulin secretion were reversed by GW1100, while linoleic acid-stimulated insulin secretion was partially attenuated by GW1100. 5. These results add further evidence to a link between GPR40 and the ability of fatty acids to acutely potentiate insulin secretion and demonstrate that small-molecule GPR40 agonists are glucose-sensitive insulin secretagogues.

Synthesis and activity of small molecule GPR40 agonists.[Pubmed:16439116]

Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006 Apr 1;16(7):1840-5.

The first report on the identification and structure-activity relationships of a novel series of GPR40 agonists based on a 3-(4-{[N-alkyl]amino}phenyl)propanoic acid template is described. Structural modifications to the original screening hit yielded compounds with a 100-fold increase in potency at the human GPR40 receptor and pEC(50)s in the low nanomolar range. The carboxylic acid moiety is not critical for activity but typically elicits an agonistic response higher than those observed with carboxamide replacements. These compounds may prove useful in unraveling the therapeutic potential of this receptor for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.

GW9508 is a potent and selective G protein-coupled receptors FFA1 (GPR40) and GPR120 agonist with pEC50s of 7.32 and 5.46, respectively. GW9508 shows ~100-fold selectivity for GPR40 over GPR120. GW9508 is inactive against other GPCRs, kinases, proteases, integrins and PPARs. GW9508 is a glucose-sensitive insulin secretagogue and an ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels opener. Anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic activities.

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