HOE 32021

Description: IC50 Value: N/A Hoechst stains are part of a family of blue fluorescent dyes used to stain DNA. These Bis-benzimides were originally developed by Hoechst AG, which numbered all their compounds so that the dye Hoechst 33342 is the 33342nd compound made by the company. There are three related Hoechst stains: Hoechst 33258, Hoechst 33342, and Hoechst 34580. The dyes Hoechst 33258 and Hoechst 33342 are the ones most commonly used and they have similarexcitation/emission spectra. Both dyes are excited by ultraviolet light at around 350 nm, and both emit blue/cyan fluorescent light around anemission maximum at 461 nm. Unbound dye has its maximum fluorescence emission in the 510-540 nm range. Hoechst dyes are soluble in water and in organic solvents such as dimethyl formamide or dimethyl sulfoxide. Concentrations can be achieved of up to 10 mg/mL. Aqueous solutions are stable at 2-6 °C for at least six months when protected from light. For long-term storage the solutions are instead frozen at ≤-20 °C. The dyes bind to the minor groove of double-stranded DNA with a preference for sequences rich in adenine andthymine. Although the dyes can bind to all nucleic acids, AT-rich double-stranded DNA strands enhance fluorescence considerably. Hoechst dyes are cell-permeable and can bind to DNA in live or fixed cells. Therefore, these stains are often called supravital, which means that cells survive a treatment with these compounds. Cells that express specific ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins can also actively transport these stains out of their cytoplasm. in vitro: N/A in vivo: N/A Clinical trial: N/A

Bradykinin Impairs and HOE 140 does not Protect Rat Hindlimb Skeletal Muscle Against Tourniquet-induced Reperfusion Injury.[Pubmed:26375056]

J Invest Surg. 2016;29(1):13-9.

BACKGROUND: Bradykinin (BK) is used in different tissues. Dose-dependent studies have demonstrated that low doses protect against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury while higher doses lead to adverse effects. Although the beneficial effects of BK infusion were observed in myocardium, its role on the I/R impact in skeletal muscle (SM) has not been fully clarified. OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of BK, administered in the hindlimbs of rats subjected to I/R. METHODS: The study design included three experimental groups: Group 1 control (saline), Group 2 (bradykinin), and Group 3 (HOE 140, a BK2 receptor blocker). In all three groups, rats were subjected to hindlimb ischemia for a total of 2 h followed by continuous 4 h of reperfusion with pharmacological interventions. The methods include analysis of enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase-LDH and creatinine phosphokinase-CPK), cell membrane marker of injury (malondialdeyde-MDA), recruitment of neutrophils (myeloperoxidase-MPO), and apoptosis index (immunohistochemistry TUNEL in situ peroxidase dead end). RESULTS: Except for the apoptotic index, all parameters studied were shown to be elevated in the reperfusion group intervened with BK. The blocking of BK2 receptors by HOE 140 did not affect the I/R injury. CONCLUSION: After 2 h of total ischemia, infusion of bradykinin during 4 h of reperfusion, worsened the I/R injury in the hindlimb skeletal muscle.

Aggregate size distribution in a biochar-amended tropical Ultisol under conventional hand-hoe tillage.[Pubmed:28050057]

Soil Tillage Res. 2017 Jan;165:190-197.

Biochar (or pyrogenic organic matter) is increasingly proposed as a soil amendment for improving fertility, carbon sequestration and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. However, little is known about its effects on aggregation, an important indicator of soil quality and functioning. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Eucalyptus wood biochar (B, pyrolyzed at 550 degrees C, at 0 or 2.5 t ha(-1)), green manure (T, from Tithonia diversifolia at 0, 2.5 or 5.0 t ha(-1)) and mineral nitrogen (U, urea, at 0, or 120 kg N ha(-1)) on soil respiration, aggregate size distribution and SOC in these aggregate size fractions in a 2-year field experiment on a low-fertility Ultisol in western Kenya under conventional hand-hoe tillage. Air-dry 2-mm sieved soils were divided into four fractions by wet sieving: Large Macro-aggregates (LM; >1000 mum); Small Macro-aggregates (SM, 250-1000 mum); Micro-aggregates (M, 250-53 mum) and Silt + Clay (S + C, < 53 mum). We found that biochar alone did not affect a mean weight diameter (MWD) but combined application with either T. diversifolia (BT) or urea (BU) increased MWD by 34 +/- 5.2 mum (8%) and 55 +/- 5.4 mum (13%), respectively, compared to the control (P = 0.023; n = 36). The B + T + U combination increased the proportion of the LM and SM by 7.0 +/- 0.8%, but reduced the S + C fraction by 5.2 +/- 0.23%. SOC was 30%, 25% and 23% in S + C, M and LM/SM fractions, and increased by 9.6 +/- 1.0, 5.7 +/- 0.8, 6.3 +/- 1.1 and 4.2 +/- 0.9 g kg(-1) for LM, SM, M and S + C, respectively. MWD was not related to either soil respiration or soil moisture but decreased with higher SOC (R(2) = 0.37, P = 0.014, n = 26) and increased with greater biomass production (R(2) = 0.11, P = 0.045, n = 33). Our data suggest that within the timeframe of the study, biochar is stored predominantly as free particulate OC in the silt and clay fraction and promoted a movement of native SOC from larger-size aggregates to the smaller-sized fraction in the short-term (2 years).