Indole-3-carbinol

Indole-3-carbinol suppresses NF-κB activity and also is an Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist.

In Vitro:It is found that Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) inhibits the proliferation of THP-1 cells in a dose- and time dependent manner with minimal toxicity over normal monocytes. The AhR target genes (CYP1A1, IL1β) are overexpressed upon Indole-3-carbinol treatment (p<0.05 to p<0.001). The antiproliferative effects of Indole-3-carbinol are in association with programing cell death. Indole-3-carbinol downregulates BCL2 and upregulates FasR in THP-1 cells (p<0.05 to p<0.001). G1 cell cycle arrest is also observed using flow cytometry. G1-acting cell cycle genes (P21, P27 and P53) are overexpressed (p<0.05 to p<0.001), while CDK2 is downregulated upon Indole-3-carbinol treatment (p<0.01 to p<0.001)[1].Indole-3-carbinol suppresses NF-κB activity and stimulates the p53 pathway in pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells[2].

References:
[1]. Mohammadi S, et al. Indole-3-carbinol induces G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through aryl hydrocarbon receptor in THP-1 monocytic cell line.J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 2017 Oct;37(5):506-514. [2]. Safa M, et al. Indole-3-carbinol suppresses NF-κB activity and stimulates the p53 pathway in pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Tumour Biol. 2015 May;36(5):3919-30.

Co-treatment with indole-3-carbinol and resveratrol modify porcine CYP1A and CYP3A activities and expression.[Pubmed:28316274]

Xenobiotica. 2018 Mar;48(3):232-240.

1. Humans and animals are commonly exposed to Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and resveratrol (RES) via food or beverages. Moreover, these compounds have been demonstrated to potentially cause food-drug interactions. However, information about their combined effects is limited. Therefore, we investigated the effects of I3C and RES, both as single compounds and in combination, on cytochrome P450 1A and 3A activity and gene expression. 2. Using porcine microsomes, we demonstrated that RES caused non-competitive inhibition of CYP1A activity and un-competitive inhibition of CYP3A activity. Compared to the effect of single compounds, co-treatment with I3C and RES increased a degree of inhibition of CYP1A activity. 3. In porcine primary hepatocytes, treatment with I3C and RES resulted in induction of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP3A29 mRNA expression. 4. In conclusion, we demonstrated that both RES and I3C could cause food-drug interactions and that the combined effect could be more potent in doing so.

Preliminary SAR on indole-3-carbinol and related fragments reveals a novel anticancer lead compound against resistant glioblastoma cells.[Pubmed:28256372]

Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2017 Apr 1;27(7):1561-1565.

The prognosis for glioblastoma patients is, at best, poor, with the median time of survival after diagnosis measured in months. As such, there is much need for the rapid development of potent and novel treatments. Herein, we report our preliminary findings on the SAR of a series of Indole-3-carbinol and related fragments and reveal a potent lead with low micromolar activity against a particularly resistant glioblastoma cell culture, providing a new platform for future development of a new therapy in this area.

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) analogues are potent small molecule inhibitors of NEDD4-1 ubiquitin ligase activity that disrupt proliferation of human melanoma cells.[Pubmed:27979631]

Biochem Pharmacol. 2017 Mar 1;127:13-27.

The HECT domain-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4-1 (Neural precursor cell Expressed Developmentally Down regulated gene 4-1) is frequently overexpressed in human cancers and displays oncogenic-like properties through the ubiquitin-dependent regulation of multiple protein substrates. However, little is known about small molecule enzymatic inhibitors of HECT domain-containing ubiquitin ligases. We now demonstrate that Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a natural anti-cancer phytochemical derived from cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage and broccoli, represents a new chemical scaffold of small molecule enzymatic inhibitors of NEDD4-1. Using in vitro ubiquitination assays, I3C, its stable synthetic derivative 1-benzyl-I3C and five novel synthetic analogues were shown to directly inhibit NEDD4-1 ubiquitination activity. Compared to I3C, which has an IC50 of 284muM, 1-benzyl-I3C was a significantly more potent NEDD4-1 enzymatic inhibitor with an IC50 of 12.3muM. Compounds 2242 and 2243, the two indolecarbinol analogues with added methyl groups that results in a more nucleophilic benzene ring pi system, further enhanced potency with IC50s of 2.71muM and 7.59muM, respectively. Protein thermal shift assays that assess small ligand binding, in combination with in silico binding simulations with the crystallographic structure of NEDD4-1, showed that each of the indolecarbinol compounds bind to the purified catalytic HECT domain of NEDD4-1. The indolecarbinol compounds inhibited human melanoma cell proliferation in a manner that generally correlated with their effectiveness as NEDD4-1 enzymatic inhibitors. Taken together, we propose that I3C analogues represent a novel set of anti-cancer compounds for treatment of human melanomas and other cancers that express indolecarbinol-sensitive target enzymes.

Enhanced photostability, radical scavenging and antitumor activity of indole-3-carbinol-loaded rose hip oil nanocapsules.[Pubmed:28254296]

Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2017 May 1;74:279-286.

This study aimed to develop poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanocapsules loaded with indole-3-cabinol (I3C) using rose hip oil (RHO) or medium chain triglycerides (MCT) as oil core. In vitro radical scavenging activity (DPPH method), hemolysis, and antitumor effects on breast (MCF-7) and glioma (C6) cells were conducted. Preformulation evaluations revealed that RHO is suitable to prepare the nanocapsules considering the log P determination and dissolution/swelling experiments of polymer films. The nanocapsules were prepared and presented adequate physicochemical characteristics as mean size around 250nm, polydispersity index values <0.2, zeta potential negative values and I3C encapsulation efficiency around 42%, without any influence of the oil core (RHO or MCT) on these parameters. However, the photodegradation study demonstrated that RHO nanocapsules showed less degree of I3C degradation in comparison to MCT nanocapsules. The in vitro release profile showed that both nanocapsule suspensions demonstrated an initial burst effect followed by a prolonged I3C release. In addition, the formulations were considered hemocompatibles at 10mug/mL and showed an enhanced radical scavenging activity in comparison to free I3C. Moreover, nanocapsules prepared with RHO increased about two times the antitumor effect of I3C on MCF-7 and C6 cells without significant reduction of astrocyte cell viability. In conclusion, nanocapsule formulations developed in this study might be considered promising for cancer treatment.

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) inhibits NF-κB activity and also is an Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist, and an inhibitor of WWP1 (WW domain-containing ubiquitin E3 ligase 1).

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