KPT-9274

KPT-9274 is a selective and orally bioavailable allosteric inhibitor of PAK4 [1][2][3].

P21 protein (Cdc42/Rac)-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) is a serine/threonine-protein kinase and a member of the PAK family of proteins which are Rac1 and Cdc42 effectors. PAK4 is a mediator of filopodia formation and stabilizes β-catenin transcriptional activity, and is involved in disease progression for several solid tumors [1][2][3].

KPT-9274 is a selective and orally bioavailable PAK4 inhibitor. In MDA-MB-468 cells, KPT-9274 showed anti-tumor activity with IC50 value of 0.12 μM. KPT-9274 reduced PAK4 protein and the key downstream effectors of cell cycle (β-catenin, cyclin D1), cell migration (cofilin), autophagy (AMPK) and apoptosis (Caspase and PARP cleavage) [1]. In RCC cells, KPT-9274 dose-dependently inhibited cell viability [2]. In AML cell lines, KPT-9274 (1 nM-10 μM) inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-and time- dependent way and reduced protein and mRNA expression of PAK4 [3].

In mice inoculated with MDA-MB-231 or MDA-MB-468 cells, KPT-9274 were given orally once daily (5 or 7 days/week) without major toxicity. KPT-9274 induced a maximum TGI of ~55% and ~70% in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 mice, respectively [1]. In subcutaneous xenograft mouse models, KPT-9274 inhibited RCC growth [2]. In human AML leukemia xenograft model, KPT-9274 (150 mg/kg) significantly inhibited tumor growth, prevented invasion of MV4-11 cells, and improved overall survival [3].

References:
[1].  Senapedis W, George R, McCauley D, et al. Preclinical Evaluation of Novel PAK4 Allosteric Modulators Against Triple Negative Breast Cancer.
[2].  Aboud OA, Senapedis W, Landesman Y, et al. Inhibition of PAK4 attenuates renal cell carcinoma (RCC) growth.
[3].  Mitchell S, Orwick S, Cannon M, et al. In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Leukemic Effects of KPT-9274, a Reported PAK4 Allosteric Modulator, in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Promising Results Justifying Further Development in This Disease. 57th Annual Meeting & Exposition. Orlando, FL December 5-8, 2015.

A novel orally bioavailable compound KPT-9274 inhibits PAK4, and blocks triple negative breast cancer tumor growth.[Pubmed:28198380]

Sci Rep. 2017 Feb 15;7:42555.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease consisting of several subtypes. Among these subtypes, triple negative breast cancer is particularly difficult to treat. This is due to a lack of understanding of the mechanisms behind the disease, and consequently a lack of druggable targets. PAK4 plays critical roles in cell survival, proliferation, and morphology. PAK4 protein levels are high in breast cancer cells and breast tumors, and the gene is often amplified in basal like breast cancers, which are frequently triple negative. PAK4 is also overexpressed in other types of cancer, making it a promising drug target. However, its inhibition is complicated by the fact that PAK4 has both kinase-dependent and -independent functions. Here we investigate a new clinical compound KPT-9274, which has been shown to inhibit PAK4 and NAMPT. We find that KPT-9274 (and its analog, KPT-8752) can reduce the steady state level of PAK4 protein in triple negative breast cancer cells. These compounds also block the growth of the breast cancer cells in vitro, and stimulate apoptosis. Most importantly, oral administration of KPT-9274 reduces tumorigenesis in mouse models of human triple negative breast cancer. Our results indicate that KPT-9274 is a novel therapeutic option for triple negative breast cancer therapy.

Dual and Specific Inhibition of NAMPT and PAK4 By KPT-9274 Decreases Kidney Cancer Growth.[Pubmed:27390344]

Mol Cancer Ther. 2016 Sep;15(9):2119-29.

Kidney cancer (or renal cell carcinoma, RCC) is the sixth most common malignancy in the United States and one of the relatively few whose incidence is increasing. Because of the near universal resistance which occurs with the use of current treatment regimens, reprogrammed metabolic pathways are being investigated as potential targets for novel therapies of this disease. Borrowing from studies on other malignancies, we have identified the PAK4 and NAD biosynthetic pathways as being essential for RCC growth. We now show, using the dual PAK4/NAMPT inhibitor KPT-9274, that interference with these signaling pathways results in reduction of G2-M transit as well as induction of apoptosis and decrease in cell invasion and migration in several human RCC cell lines. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that inhibition of the PAK4 pathway by KPT-9274 attenuates nuclear beta-catenin as well as the Wnt/beta-catenin targets cyclin D1 and c-Myc. Furthermore, NAPRT1 downregulation, which we show occurs in all RCC cell lines tested, makes this tumor highly dependent on NAMPT for its NAD requirements, such that inhibition of NAMPT by KPT-9274 leads to decreased survival of these rapidly proliferating cells. When KPT-9274 was administered in vivo to a 786-O (VHL-mut) human RCC xenograft model, there was dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth with no apparent toxicity; KPT-9274 demonstrated the expected on-target effects in this mouse model. KPT-9274 is being evaluated in a phase I human clinical trial in solid tumors and lymphomas, which will allow this data to be rapidly translated into the clinic for the treatment of RCC. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(9); 2119-29. (c)2016 AACR.

KPT-9274 is an inhibitor of p21-activated kinase (PAK) extracted from patent WO 2015003166 A1; has an IC₅₀ of less than 100 nM in MTT assay.

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