WP1130

WP1130, also known as degrasyn, is a second-generation tyrphostin derivative initially identified as a Janus-activated kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway inhibitor that reduces STAT activation stimulated by cytokines (such as IL-6 and IL-3) through the rapid down-regulation of upstream JAK kinases. WP1130 has also been identified as a selective deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) inhibitor that directly inhibits DUB activity of USP9x, USP5, USP14 and UCH37 leading to rapid accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins into juxtanuclear aggresomes and tumor cell apoptosis. WP1130-induced apoptosis and anti-proliferation in tumor cells have been implicated in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), melanoma, glioblastoma and myeloproliferative disorders.

References:
[1]Kapuria V1, Peterson LF, Fang D, Bornmann WG, Talpaz M, Donato NJ. Deubiquitinase inhibition by small-molecule WP1130 triggers aggresome formation and tumor cell apoptosis. Cancer Res. 2010 Nov 15;70(22):9265-76. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1530. Epub 2010 Nov 2.
[2]Bartholomeusz GA1, Talpaz M, Kapuria V, Kong LY, Wang S, Estrov Z, Priebe W, Wu J, Donato NJ. Activation of a novel Bcr/Abl destruction pathway by WP1130 induces apoptosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. Blood. 2007 Apr 15;109(8):3470-8. Epub 2007 Jan 3.

WP1130 increases doxorubicin sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through usp9x-dependent p53 degradation.[Pubmed:25749422]

Cancer Lett. 2015 Jun 1;361(2):218-25.

Resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is a major obstacle in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Recent evidence suggests that deubiquitinases (DUB) are key regulators in the mechanisms of cell proliferation, apoptosis and chemoresistance. The present study aimed to investigate whether WP1130, which inhibits activity of deubiquitinases, exerts synergistic cytotoxicity with doxorubicin in HCC and the underlying mechanisms. In the study, we found that Huh7, HepG2, and SNU387 HCC cells with p53 expression displayed enhanced response to the combination therapy compared with p53-deficient HCC cells (Hep3B) in the manner of inhibiting cell proliferation. Downregulation of p53 abolished the synergistic cytotoxicity of doxorubicin and WP1130 on HCC cells. Mechanistically, we found that combined treatment with WP1130 suppressed doxorubicin-mediated upregulation of p53 via promoting its ubiquitin-proteasome dependent degradation, whereas knockdown of DUB usp9x abolished this effect. Taken together, these results demonstrate that combined treatment with WP1130 sensitized HCC cells to doxorubicin via usp9x-depedent p53 degradation.

Activation of a novel Bcr/Abl destruction pathway by WP1130 induces apoptosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells.[Pubmed:17202319]

Blood. 2007 Apr 15;109(8):3470-8.

Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) is effective therapy against Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia, but resistance develops in all phases of the disease. Bcr/Abl point mutations and other alterations reduce the kinase inhibitory activity of imatinib mesylate; thus, agents that target Bcr/Abl through unique mechanisms may be needed. Here we describe the activity of WP1130, a small molecule that specifically and rapidly down-regulates both wild-type and mutant Bcr/Abl protein without affecting bcr/abl gene expression in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells. Loss of Bcr/Abl protein correlated with the onset of apoptosis and reduced phosphorylation of Bcr/Abl substrates. WP1130 did not affect Hsp90/Hsp70 ratios within the cells and did not require the participation of the proteasomal pathway for loss of Bcr/Abl protein. WP1130 was more effective in reducing leukemic versus normal hematopoietic colony formation and strongly inhibited colony formation of cells derived from patients with T315I mutant Bcr/Abl-expressing CML in blast crisis. WP1130 suppressed the growth of K562 heterotransplanted tumors as well as both wild-type Bcr/Abl and T315I mutant Bcr/Abl-expressing BaF/3 cells transplanted into nude mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate that WP1130 reduces wild-type and T315I mutant Bcr/Abl protein levels in CML cells through a unique mechanism and may be useful in treating CML.

Deubiquitinase inhibition by small-molecule WP1130 triggers aggresome formation and tumor cell apoptosis.[Pubmed:21045142]

Cancer Res. 2010 Nov 15;70(22):9265-76.

Recent evidence suggests that several deubiquitinases (DUB) are overexpressed or activated in tumor cells and many contribute to the transformed phenotype. Agents with DUB inhibitory activity may therefore have therapeutic value. In this study, we describe the mechanism of action of WP1130, a small molecule derived from a compound with Janus-activated kinase 2 (JAK2) kinase inhibitory activity. WP1130 induces rapid accumulation of polyubiquitinated (K48/K63-linked) proteins into juxtanuclear aggresomes, without affecting 20S proteasome activity. WP1130 acts as a partly selective DUB inhibitor, directly inhibiting DUB activity of USP9x, USP5, USP14, and UCH37, which are known to regulate survival protein stability and 26S proteasome function. WP1130-mediated inhibition of tumor-activated DUBs results in downregulation of antiapoptotic and upregulation of proapoptotic proteins, such as MCL-1 and p53. Our results show that chemical modification of a previously described JAK2 inhibitor results in the unexpected discovery of a novel DUB inhibitor with a unique antitumor mechanism.

Deubiquitinase inhibition by WP1130 leads to ULK1 aggregation and blockade of autophagy.[Pubmed:26207339]

Autophagy. 2015;11(9):1458-70.

Autophagy represents an intracellular degradation process which is involved in both regular cell homeostasis and disease settings. In recent years, the molecular machinery governing this process has been elucidated. The ULK1 kinase complex consisting of the serine/threonine protein kinase ULK1 and the adapter proteins ATG13, RB1CC1, and ATG101, is centrally involved in the regulation of autophagy initiation. This complex is in turn regulated by the activity of different nutrient- or energy-sensing kinases, including MTOR, AMPK, and AKT. However, next to phosphorylation processes it has been suggested that ubiquitination of ULK1 positively influences ULK1 function. Here we report that the inhibition of deubiquitinases by the compound WP1130 leads to increased ULK1 ubiquitination, the transfer of ULK1 to aggresomes, and the inhibition of ULK1 activity. Additionally, WP1130 can block the autophagic flux. Thus, treatment with WP1130 might represent an efficient tool to inhibit the autophagy-initiating ULK1 complex and autophagy.

Degrasyn (WP1130) is a cell-permeable deubiquitinase (DUB) inhibitor, directly inhibiting DUB activity of USP9x, USP5, USP14, and UCH37. Degrasyn has been shown to downregulate the antiapoptotic proteins Bcr-Abl and JAK2.

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