CBiPES hydrochloride

Unusual 4-arsonoanilinium cationic species in the hydrochloride salt of (4-aminophenyl)arsonic acid and formed in the reaction of the acid with copper(II) sulfate, copper(II) chloride and cadmium chloride.[Pubmed:28378716]

Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem. 2017 Apr 1;73(Pt 4):325-330.

Structures having the unusual protonated 4-arsonoanilinium species, namely in the hydrochloride salt, C6H9AsNO3(+).Cl(-), (I), and the complex salts formed from the reaction of (4-aminophenyl)arsonic acid (p-arsanilic acid) with copper(II) sulfate, i.e. hexaaquacopper(II) bis(4-arsonoanilinium) disulfate dihydrate, (C6H9AsNO3)2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2.2H2O, (II), with copper(II) chloride, i.e. poly[bis(4-arsonoanilinium) [tetra-mu-chlorido-cuprate(II)]], {(C6H9AsNO3)2[CuCl4]}n, (III), and with cadmium chloride, i.e. poly[bis(4-arsonoanilinium) [tetra-mu-chlorido-cadmate(II)]], {(C6H9AsNO3)2[CdCl4]}n, (IV), have been determined. In (II), the two 4-arsonoanilinium cations are accompanied by [Cu(H2O)6](2+) cations with sulfate anions. In the isotypic complex salts (III) and (IV), they act as counter-cations to the {[CuCl4](2-)}n or {[CdCl4](2-)}n anionic polymer sheets, respectively. In (II), the [Cu(H2O)6](2+) ion sits on a crystallographic centre of symmetry and displays a slightly distorted octahedral coordination geometry. The asymmetric unit for (II) contains, in addition to half the [Cu(H2O)6](2+) ion, one 4-arsonoanilinium cation, a sulfate dianion and a solvent water molecule. Extensive O-H...O and N-H...O hydrogen bonds link all the species, giving an overall three-dimensional structure. In (III), four of the chloride ligands are related by inversion [Cu-Cl = 2.2826 (8) and 2.2990 (9) A], with the other two sites of the tetragonally distorted octahedral CuCl6 unit occupied by symmetry-generated Cl-atom donors [Cu-Cl = 2.9833 (9) A], forming a two-dimensional coordination polymer network substructure lying parallel to (001). In the crystal, the polymer layers are linked across [001] by a number of bridging hydrogen bonds involving N-H...Cl interactions from head-to-head-linked As-O-H...O 4-arsonoanilinium cations. A three-dimensional network structure is formed. Cd(II) compound (IV) is isotypic with Cu(II) complex (III), but with the central CdCl6 complex repeat unit having a more regular M-Cl bond-length range [2.5232 (12)-2.6931 (10) A] compared to that in (III). This series of compounds represents the first reported crystal structures having the protonated 4-arsonoanilinium species.

Citric Acid Suppresses the Bitter Taste of Olopatadine Hydrochloride Orally Disintegrating Tablets.[Pubmed:28381800]

Biol Pharm Bull. 2017;40(4):451-457.

Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) are formulated to disintegrate upon contact with saliva, allowing administration without water. Olopatadine hydrochloride, a second-generation antihistamine, is widely used for treating allergic rhinitis. However, it has a bitter taste; therefore, the development of taste-masked olopatadine ODTs is essential. Some studies have suggested that citric acid could suppress the bitterness of drugs. However, these experiments were performed using solutions, and the taste-masking effect of citric acid on ODTs has not been evaluated using human gustatory sensation tests. Thus, this study evaluated citric acid's taste-masking effect on olopatadine ODTs. Six types of olopatadine ODTs containing 0-10% citric acid were prepared and subjected to gustatory sensation tests that were scored using the visual analog scale. The bitterness and overall palatability of olopatadine ODTs during disintegration in the mouth and after spitting out were evaluated in 11 healthy volunteers (age: 22.8+/-2.2 years). The hardness of the ODTs was >50 N. Disintegration time and dissolution did not differ among the different ODTs. The results of the gustatory sensation tests suggest that citric acid could suppress the bitterness of olopatadine ODTs in a dose-dependent manner. Olopatadine ODTs with a high content of citric acid (5-10%) showed poorer overall palatability than that of those without citric acid despite the bitterness suppression. ODTs containing 2.5% citric acid, yogurt flavoring, and aspartame were the most suitable formulations since they showed low bitterness and good overall palatability. Thus, citric acid is an effective bitterness-masking option for ODTs.

Biophysical Study on the Interaction between Eperisone Hydrochloride and Human Serum Albumin Using Spectroscopic, Calorimetric, and Molecular Docking Analyses.[Pubmed:28380300]

Mol Pharm. 2017 May 1;14(5):1656-1665.

Eperisone hydrochloride (EH) is widely used as a muscle relaxant for patients with muscular contracture, low back pain, or spasticity. Human serum albumin (HSA) is a highly soluble negatively charged, endogenous and abundant plasma protein ascribed with the ligand binding and transport properties. The current study was undertaken to explore the interaction between EH and the serum transport protein, HSA. Study of the interaction between HSA and EH was carried by UV-vis, fluorescence quenching, circular dichroism (CD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Forster's resonance energy transfer, isothermal titration calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. Tryptophan fluorescence intensity of HSA was strongly quenched by EH. The binding constants (Kb) were obtained by fluorescence quenching, and results show that the HSA-EH interaction revealed a static mode of quenching with binding constant Kb approximately 10(4) reflecting high affinity of EH for HSA. The negative DeltaG degrees value for binding indicated that HSA-EH interaction was a spontaneous process. Thermodynamic analysis shows HSA-EH complex formation occurs primarily due to hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bonds were facilitated at the binding of EH. EH binding induces alpha-helix of HSA as obtained by far-UV CD and FTIR spectroscopy. In addition, the distance between EH (acceptor) and Trp residue of HSA (donor) was calculated 2.18 nm using Forster's resonance energy transfer theory. Furthermore, molecular docking results revealed EH binds with HSA, and binding site was positioned in Sudlow Site I of HSA (subdomain IIA). This work provides a useful experimental strategy for studying the interaction of myorelaxant with HSA, helping to understand the activity and mechanism of drug binding.

Fabrication yields of serially harvested calf-fed Holstein steers fed zilpaterol hydrochloride.[Pubmed:28380524]

J Anim Sci. 2017 Mar;95(3):1209-1218.

Holstein steers ( = 110) were fed zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) for 0 or 20 d before slaughter during a 280-d serial harvest study. Cattle were harvested every 28 d beginning at 254 d on feed (DOF) and concluding at 534 DOF. After slaughter, carcasses were chilled for 48 h and then fabricated into boneless closely trimmed or denuded subprimals, lean trim, trimmable fat, and bone. Inclusion of ZH increased cold side weight (CSW) by 10.3 kg ( < 0.01; 212.7 vs. 202.4 kg [SEM 1.96]) and saleable yield by 10.4 kg ( < 0.01; 131.9 vs. 121.5 kg [SEM 1.16]) in calf-fed Holstein steer carcasses. Additionally, saleable yield as a percentage of CSW increased (

Activation of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu)2 receptors suppresses histamine release in limbic brain regions following acute ketamine challenge.[Pubmed:19951716]

Neuropharmacology. 2010 Mar;58(3):632-9.

In the present study we demonstrated that ketamine, an NMDA antagonist and possible psychotomimetic, increases extracellular histamine (HA) in the rat brain. We then examined the ability of the group II mGlu receptor agonist LY379268 to modulate the ketamine evoked increases in HA release in three limbic brain regions. Ketamine (25 mg/kg) increased HA in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), ventral hippocampus (vHipp) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell. LY379268 administered alone was without effect on basal HA efflux in the mPFC or vHipp but modestly decreased HA efflux in the NAc shell. Administration of LY379268 (3 and 10 mg/kg) prior to ketamine significantly attenuated the HA response in the mPFC, vHipp and the NAc shell. The inhibitory effects of LY379268 in the mPFC were mimicked by the systemic administration of the mGlu2 receptor positive allosteric modulator CBiPES (60 mg/kg). Finally, local perfusion experiments revealed that the effects of LY379268 on ketamine evoked HA efflux appear to be mediated by mGlu2 receptors outside the PFC as the intra-mPFC perfusion of LY379268 (100 microM or 300 microM) failed to attenuate ketamine evoked increases in HA efflux. Together, these novel observations reveal an effect of ketamine on histaminergic transmission in limbic brain areas and provide further insight into the possible antipsychotic mechanism of action of mGlu2/3 receptor agonists.

Metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor potentiators: receptor modulation, frequency-dependent synaptic activity, and efficacy in preclinical anxiety and psychosis model(s).[Pubmed:15717213]

Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005 Apr;179(1):271-83.

RATIONALE: To increase subtype selectivity and provide a novel means to alter receptor function, we discovered and characterization potentiators for the metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor (mGlu2). METHODS AND RESULTS: A class of 3-pyridylmethylsulfonamides (e.g., 3-MPPTS; 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-[3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)phenyl]-N-(3-pyridinylmethyl)-ethanesulfon amide) were found to be potent, subtype-selective potentiators of human and rat mGlu2. The sulfonamides increased agonist potency in functional assays but did not displace orthosteric radiolabeled antagonist or agonist binding to cloned mGlu2 receptors. Rather, the modulators increased the affinity of most of the orthosteric agonists including glutamate, DCG-IV (2S,2'R,3'R)-2-(2',3'-dicarboxylcyclopropyl)glycine), and LY354740 (1S,2S,5R,6S-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-bicaroxylate monohydrate). In striatal brain slices, LY354740 inhibited evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) equally well following either a low- (0.06 Hz) or high (4 Hz)-frequency stimulation of corticostriatal afferents. In contrast, the mGlu2 potentiator cyPPTS (2,2,2-trifluoro-N-[3-(cyclopentyloxy)phenyl]-N-(3-pyridinylmethyl)-ethanesulfona mide) inhibited striatal EPSPs only at higher frequencies of stimulation (2 and 4 Hz). Several sulfonamides including 4-MPPTS, 4-APPES (N-[4-(4-carboxamidophenoxy)phenyl]-N-(3-pyridinylmethyl)-ethanesulfonamide hydrochloride monohydrate) and/or CBiPES N-[4'-cyano-biphenyl-3-yl)-N-(3-pyridinylmethyl)-ethanesulfonamide hydrochloride) were tested in mGlu2/3 agonist-sensitive rodent model(s) of anxiety and psychosis. As seen with LY354740, both 4-MPPTS and 4-APPES were efficacious in a rat fear-potentiated startle paradigm. Likewise in mice, CBiPES attenuated a stress-induced hyperthermia and PCP-induced hyperlocomotor activity. Furthermore, CBiPES mediated alteration in PCP-induced hyperlocomotor activity was sensitive to mGlu2/3 antagonist pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the data indicate mGlu2 receptor potentiators have a unique use-dependent effect on presynaptic glutamate release, and show efficacy in several mGlu2/3-sensitive animal models of psychiatric disorders.