X-Gal

Substrate for β - Galactosidase which produces a rich blue color that can easily be detected visually over background. Substrate of choice for blue/white selection of recombinant bacterial colonies with the lac + genotype. dissolve in dimethylformamide (AB00450) or DMSO (AB00435) at 20mg/ml X-GAL (sizes 100mg, 250mg, 500mg, 1g) is supplied with a vial of freshly distilled DMF to ensure optimum color development store at -20°C

beta-Galactosidase Langmuir Monolayer at Air/X-gal Subphase Interface.[Pubmed:27934226]

J Phys Chem B. 2016 Dec 8;120(48):12279-12286.

This article investigates the surface chemistry properties of the beta-galactosidase monolayer at the air-subphase interface at the vicinity of its substrate, X-Gal. We have demonstrated that the beta-galactosidase in the monolayer form remained active and performed hydrolysis of the X-Gal in the subphase. We investigated the beta-galactosidase Langmuir monolayer in absence and presence of X-Gal in the subphase of varying concentration of X-Gal with the sodium chloride solution. It was found that the limiting molecular area as well as the collapse surface pressure kept on decreasing with the increasing concentration of X-Gal. In accordance to the data obtained from the isotherm it was also found that beta-galactosidase forms a stable monolayer that does not aggregate at the air-subphase interface. The stability of the monolayer at the air-subphase interface was studied by using compression-decompression cycles with and without X-Gal at varying concentration and different surface pressures. The infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) and Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) of beta-galactosidase Langmuir monolayer was also investigated for pure and mixed beta-galactosidase at the air-subphase.

Development of selective and differential medium for Shigella sonnei using three carbohydrates (lactose, sorbitol, and xylose) and X-Gal.[Pubmed:26003439]

J Microbiol Methods. 2015 Aug;115:34-41.

The aim of this study was to develop a new selective and differential medium for isolating Shigella sonnei (designated 3SD medium). The new medium was based on three carbohydrates (lactose, sorbitol, and xylose) and a chromogenic substrate (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, X-Gal). S. sonnei cannot ferment lactose, sorbitol, or xylose, but can ferment X-Gal, which generates turquoise-blue colonies with rough edges. Other bacteria (54 strains of foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria) produced visually distinct colonies on 3SD medium (colorless or pink-violet colonies), or their growth was inhibited on 3SD medium. The optimum concentration of 50 mg/L X-Gal was selected because it yielded the highest level of morphological discrimination between S. sonnei and other bacteria, and this concentration was cost-effective. Bile salt concentration optimization was performed using healthy, heat-injured, and acid-injured S. sonnei. The recovery rate differed significantly depending on the bile salt concentration; media containing >1.0 g/L bile salt showed significantly lower recovery of stress-injured cells than medium containing 0.5 g/L bile salt (P<0.05). Growth of all Gram-positive bacteria was inhibited on medium containing 0.5 g/L bile salt; therefore, this concentration was used as the optimal concentration. Previous media used to isolate Shigella spp. (MacConkey, xylose lysine desoxycholate, and Salmonella-Shigella agar) showed poor performance when used to support the growth of injured S. sonnei cells, whereas 3SD medium supported a high growth rate of injured and healthy cells (equivalent to that obtained with nutrient-rich tryptic soy agar). To validate the performance of 3SD medium with real specimens, S. sonnei and other bacteria were spiked into samples such as untreated water, carrot, salad, and oyster. 3SD medium showed superior specificity (100%) and sensitivity (100%) for S. sonnei, and yielded no false-positive or false-negative results. Thus, the novel 3SD medium described herein is a powerful tool for the rapid and efficient selective isolation of S. sonnei in research and clinical laboratories, and the food industry.

X-gal staining of canine skin tissues: A technique with multiple possible applications.[Pubmed:25097391]

J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2014 Jul;5(2):245-9.

BACKGROUND: Estimation of beta-galactosidase (betagal) activity in human cells and tissues indicate its possible use as a marker of senescence. OBJECTIVES: This study was done to detect senescence-associated betagal (SA-betagal) activity in canine skin tissue by using its substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactosidase (X-Gal). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Skin samples were collected through rapid necropsy process. The X-Gal staining was done by altering different factors of the staining procedure like pH of the reagents and incubation time. Further, effect of tissue preservation procedure was also evaluated. RESULTS: Typical X-Gal staining was detected in old dogs' skin samples and it was detectable both at pH 6 and pH 7.3. The cells present in the inner lining of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands are the major cells that have high SA-betagal activity. The X-Gal staining intensity was more prominent in tissues preserved in liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees C than in -80 degrees C freezer. Prolonged incubation period increased the intensity of staining. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates possibility of X-Gal staining in canine tissues and opens an avenue for further in-depth studies that might be useful for different research and clinical studies like determination of dog's approximate age.

X-GAL(BCIG) is an organic compound consisting of galactose linked to a substituted indole; X-gal is much used in molecular biology to test for the presence of an enzyme, β-galactosidase.

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