(S)-(+)-Abscisic acid

The herbs of Gossypium spp

Abscisic Acid (Dormin) is a plant hormone.

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone and plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development such as germination, seedling growth, lateral root development, seed development and seed dormancy [1].

ABA is a plant hormone and plays an important role in abiotic stress tolerance. Histone H2B monoubiquitination regulated ABA levels in developing seeds. H2B ubiquitination and ABA dependent chromatin remodeling regulated seed dormancy. Abiotic stress-induced ABA regulated stressresponsive gene expression and stomatal response [1]. In Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, ABA increased the biosynthesis of certain amino acids and raffinose family oligosaccharides and down-regulated genes that involved in the reorganization of cell walls. Also, ABA increased the levels of α-tocopherol and L-ascorbic acid, which were antioxidants. These results suggested that ABA induced crosstalk between pathways regulating redox homeostasis and metabolic pathways [2]. In leaves of maize, ABA attenuated UV-B-induced damage and maintained cell homeostasis through activation of NADPH oxidase (pNOX) and increase of H2O2 and NO production [3].

References:
[1].  Chinnusamy V, Gong Z, Zhu JK. Abscisic acid-mediated epigenetic processes in plant development and stress responses. J Integr Plant Biol, 2008, 50(10): 1187-1195.
[2].  Ghassemian M, Lutes J, Chang HS, et al. Abscisic acid-induced modulation of metabolic and redox control pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. Phytochemistry, 2008, 69(17): 2899-2911.
[3].  Tossi V, Lamattina L, Cassia R. An increase in the concentration of abscisic acid is critical for nitric oxide-mediated plant adaptive responses to UV-B irradiation. New Phytol, 2009, 181(4): 871-879.

Interaction between abscisic acid receptor PYL3 and protein phosphatase type 2C in response to ABA signaling in maize.[Pubmed:25091169]

Gene. 2014 Oct 1;549(1):179-85.

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a ubiquitous hormone that regulates plant growth, development and responses to environmental stresses. In recent researches, pyrabactin resistance 1-like protein (PYL) and protein phosphatase type 2C (PP2C) were identified as the direct receptor and the second component of ABA signaling pathway, respectively. However, a lot of PYL and PP2C members were found in Arabidopsis and several other plants. Some of them were found not to be involved in ABA signaling. Because of the complex diversity of the genome, few documents have been available on the molecular details of the ABA signal perception system in maize. In the present study, we conducted bioinformatics analysis to find out the candidates (ZmPYL3 and ZmPP2C16) of the PYL and PP2C members most probably involved in ABA signaling in maize, cloned their encoding genes (ZmPYL3 and ZmPP2C16), verified the interaction between these two proteins in response to exogenous ABA induction by yeast two-hybrid assay and bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and investigated the expression patterns of these two genes under the induction of exogenous ABA by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The results indicated that the ZmPYL3 and ZmPP2C16 proteins interacted in vitro and in vivo in response to the induction of exogenous ABA. The downregulated expression of the ZmPYL3 gene and the upregulated expression of the ZmPP2C16 gene are responsive to the induction of exogenous ABA. The ZmPYL3 and ZmPP2C16 proteins are the most probable members of the receptors and the second components of ABA signaling pathway, respectively.

Tomato PYR/PYL/RCAR abscisic acid receptors show high expression in root, differential sensitivity to the abscisic acid agonist quinabactin, and the capability to enhance plant drought resistance.[Pubmed:24863435]

J Exp Bot. 2014 Aug;65(15):4451-64.

Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a crucial role in the plant's response to both biotic and abiotic stress. Sustainable production of food faces several key challenges, particularly the generation of new varieties with improved water use efficiency and drought tolerance. Different studies have shown the potential applications of Arabidopsis PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors to enhance plant drought resistance. Consequently the functional characterization of orthologous genes in crops holds promise for agriculture. The full set of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors have been identified here. From the 15 putative tomato ABA receptors, 14 of them could be grouped in three subfamilies that correlated well with corresponding Arabidopsis subfamilies. High levels of expression of PYR/PYL/RCAR genes was found in tomato root, and some genes showed predominant expression in leaf and fruit tissues. Functional characterization of tomato receptors was performed through interaction assays with Arabidopsis and tomato clade A protein phosphatase type 2Cs (PP2Cs) as well as phosphatase inhibition studies. Tomato receptors were able to inhibit the activity of clade A PP2Cs differentially in an ABA-dependent manner, and at least three receptors were sensitive to the ABA agonist quinabactin, which inhibited tomato seed germination. Indeed, the chemical activation of ABA signalling induced by quinabactin was able to activate stress-responsive genes. Both dimeric and monomeric tomato receptors were functional in Arabidopsis plant cells, but only overexpression of monomeric-type receptors conferred enhanced drought resistance. In summary, gene expression analyses, and chemical and transgenic approaches revealed distinct properties of tomato PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors that might have biotechnological implications.

Abscisic acid uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferases play a crucial role in abscisic acid homeostasis in Arabidopsis.[Pubmed:24676855]

Plant Physiol. 2014 May;165(1):277-89.

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is crucial for plant growth and adaptive responses to various stress conditions. Plants continuously adjust the ABA level to meet physiological needs, but how ABA homeostasis occurs is not fully understood. This study provides evidence that UGT71B6, an ABA uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase (UGT), and its two closely related homologs, UGT71B7 and UGT71B8, play crucial roles in ABA homeostasis and in adaptation to dehydration, osmotic stress, and high-salinity stresses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). UGT RNA interference plants that had low levels of these three UGT transcripts displayed hypersensitivity to exogenous ABA and high-salt conditions during germination and exhibited a defect in plant growth. However, the ectopic expression of UGT71B6 in the atbg1 (for beta-glucosidase) mutant background aggravated the ABA-deficient phenotype of atbg1 mutant plants. In addition, modulation of the expression of the three UGTs affects the expression of CYP707A1 to CYP707A4, which encode ABA 8'-hydroxylases; four CYP707As were expressed at higher levels in the UGT RNA interference plants but at lower levels in the UGT71B6:GFP-overexpressing plants. Based on these data, this study proposes that UGT71B6 and its two homologs play a critical role in ABA homeostasis by converting active ABA to an inactive form (abscisic acid-glucose ester) depending on intrinsic cellular and environmental conditions in plants.

Effect of abscisic acid on active oxygen species, antioxidative defence system and oxidative damage in leaves of maize seedlings.[Pubmed:11726712]

Plant Cell Physiol. 2001 Nov;42(11):1265-73.

Leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings were supplied with different concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA). Its effects on the levels of superoxide radical (O(2)(-)), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and the content of catalytic Fe, the activities of several antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR), the contents of several non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbate (ASC), reduced glutathione (GSH), alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TOC) and carotenoid (CAR), and the degrees of the oxidative damage to the membrane lipids and proteins were examined. Treatment with 10 and 100 microM ABA significantly increased the levels of O(2)(-) and H(2)O(2), followed by an increase in activities of SOD, CAT, APX and GR, and the contents of ASC, GSH, alpha-TOC and CAR in a dose- and time-dependent pattern in leaves of maize seedlings. An oxidative damage expressed as lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and plasma membrane leakage did not occur except for a slight increase with 100 microM ABA treatment for 24 h. Treatment with 1,000 microM ABA led to a more abundant generation of O(2)(-) and H(2)O(2) and a significant increase in the content of catalytic Fe, which is critical for H(2)O(2)-dependent hydroxyl radical production. The activities of these antioxidative enzymes and the contents of alpha-TOC and CAR were still maintained at a higher level, but no longer further enhanced when compared with the treatment of 100 microM ABA. The contents of ASC and GSH had no changes in leaves treated with 1,000 microM ABA. These results indicate that treatment with low concentrations of ABA (10 to 100 microM) induced an antioxidative defence response against oxidative damage, but a high concentration of ABA (1,000 microM) induced an excessive generation of AOS and led to an oxidative damage in plant cells.

Abscisic acid ((S)​-​(+)​-​Abscisic acid) is a plant hormone which is as a growth inhibitor. Abscisic acid has been shown to regulate many aspects of plant growth and development including embryo maturation, seed dormancy, germination, cell division and elongation, floral induction, and responses to environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, cold, pathogen attack and UV radiation.

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