(±)-Hexanoylcarnitine chloride

(±)-Hexanoylcarnitine chloride is an agonist for cholinergic and a homolog of acetylcarnitine chloride (Cat No. B6273).

Acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is an integral membrane protein receptor for acetylcholine. There are two kinds of AChRs: nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

(±)-Hexanoylcarnitine chloride is a cholinergic agonist and an intermediate in lipid metabolism [1]. In retinal ganglion cells, acetylcarnitine and acetylcholine inhibited GABAergic responses to exogenous GABA and GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents [2].

In dogs with coronary ligation, (-)-carnitine chloride (LCC) (300 mg/kg) and acetyl (-)-carnitine chloride (ALCC) (300 mg/kg) inhibited the ventricular arrhythmia. Also, LCC and ALCC improved oxidative phosphorylation rate and the mitochondrial function [1]. In the mouse hot plate test, acetyl-l-carnitine (ALCAR) (100 mg/kg) exhibited analgesia. While, U-73122 and neomycin (the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitors) blocked the increase of the pain threshold induced by ALCAR. LiCl that impairing phosphatidylinositol synthesis antagonized the antinociception in a dose-dependent way. PMA and PDBu (PKC activators) blocked the increase of the pain threshold in a dose-dependent way. These results suggested that ALCAR analgesia required the participation of the PLC-IP3 pathway [3].

References:
[1].  Imai S, Matsui K, Nakazawa M, et al. Anti-arrhythmic effects of (-)-carnitine chloride and its acetyl analogue on canine late ventricular arrhythmia induced by ligation of the coronary artery as related to improvement of mitochondrial function. Br J Pharmacol, 1984, 82(2): 533-542.
[2].  B?hring R, Standhardt H, Martelli EA, et al. GABA-activated chloride currents of postnatal mouse retinal ganglion cells are blocked by acetylcholine and acetylcarnitine: how specific are ion channels in immature neurons? Eur J Neurosci, 1994, 6(7): 1089-1099.
[3].  Galeotti N, Bartolini A, Calvani M, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine requires phospholipase C-IP3 pathway activation to induce antinociception. Neuropharmacology, 2004, 47(2): 286-294.

Unusual 4-arsonoanilinium cationic species in the hydrochloride salt of (4-aminophenyl)arsonic acid and formed in the reaction of the acid with copper(II) sulfate, copper(II) chloride and cadmium chloride.[Pubmed:28378716]

Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem. 2017 Apr 1;73(Pt 4):325-330.

Structures having the unusual protonated 4-arsonoanilinium species, namely in the hydrochloride salt, C6H9AsNO3(+).Cl(-), (I), and the complex salts formed from the reaction of (4-aminophenyl)arsonic acid (p-arsanilic acid) with copper(II) sulfate, i.e. hexaaquacopper(II) bis(4-arsonoanilinium) disulfate dihydrate, (C6H9AsNO3)2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2.2H2O, (II), with copper(II) chloride, i.e. poly[bis(4-arsonoanilinium) [tetra-mu-chlorido-cuprate(II)]], {(C6H9AsNO3)2[CuCl4]}n, (III), and with cadmium chloride, i.e. poly[bis(4-arsonoanilinium) [tetra-mu-chlorido-cadmate(II)]], {(C6H9AsNO3)2[CdCl4]}n, (IV), have been determined. In (II), the two 4-arsonoanilinium cations are accompanied by [Cu(H2O)6](2+) cations with sulfate anions. In the isotypic complex salts (III) and (IV), they act as counter-cations to the {[CuCl4](2-)}n or {[CdCl4](2-)}n anionic polymer sheets, respectively. In (II), the [Cu(H2O)6](2+) ion sits on a crystallographic centre of symmetry and displays a slightly distorted octahedral coordination geometry. The asymmetric unit for (II) contains, in addition to half the [Cu(H2O)6](2+) ion, one 4-arsonoanilinium cation, a sulfate dianion and a solvent water molecule. Extensive O-H...O and N-H...O hydrogen bonds link all the species, giving an overall three-dimensional structure. In (III), four of the chloride ligands are related by inversion [Cu-Cl = 2.2826 (8) and 2.2990 (9) A], with the other two sites of the tetragonally distorted octahedral CuCl6 unit occupied by symmetry-generated Cl-atom donors [Cu-Cl = 2.9833 (9) A], forming a two-dimensional coordination polymer network substructure lying parallel to (001). In the crystal, the polymer layers are linked across [001] by a number of bridging hydrogen bonds involving N-H...Cl interactions from head-to-head-linked As-O-H...O 4-arsonoanilinium cations. A three-dimensional network structure is formed. Cd(II) compound (IV) is isotypic with Cu(II) complex (III), but with the central CdCl6 complex repeat unit having a more regular M-Cl bond-length range [2.5232 (12)-2.6931 (10) A] compared to that in (III). This series of compounds represents the first reported crystal structures having the protonated 4-arsonoanilinium species.

Chloride intracellular channel 1 regulates the antineoplastic effects of metformin in gallbladder cancer cells.[Pubmed:28378944]

Cancer Sci. 2017 Jun;108(6):1240-1252.

Metformin is the most commonly used drug for type 2 diabetes and has potential benefit in treating and preventing cancer. Previous studies indicated that membrane proteins can affect the antineoplastic effects of metformin and may be crucial in the field of cancer research. However, the antineoplastic effects of metformin and its mechanism in gallbladder cancer (GBC) remain largely unknown. In this study, the effects of metformin on GBC cell proliferation and viability were evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and an apoptosis assay. Western blotting was performed to investigate related signaling pathways. Of note, inhibition, knockdown and upregulation of the membrane protein Chloride intracellular channel 1 (CLIC1) can affect GBC resistance in the presence of metformin. Our data demonstrated that metformin apparently inhibits the proliferation and viability of GBC cells. Metformin promoted cell apoptosis and increased the number of early apoptotic cells. We found that metformin can exert growth-suppressive effects on these cell lines via inhibition of p-Akt activity and the Bcl-2 family. Notably, either dysfunction or downregulation of CLIC1 can partially decrease the antineoplastic effects of metformin while upregulation of CLIC1 can increase drug sensitivity. Our findings provide experimental evidence for using metformin as an antitumor treatment for gallbladder carcinoma.

Weak hydrogen bonding and fluorous interactions in the chloride and bromide salts of 4-[(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)methyl]pyridinium.[Pubmed:28378719]

Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem. 2017 Apr 1;73(Pt 4):343-349.

Neutralization of 4-[(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)methyl]pyridine with hydrohalo acids HX (X = Cl and Br) yielded the pyridinium salts 4-[(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)methyl]pyridinium chloride, C9H10F4NO(+).Cl(-), (1), and 4-[(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)methyl]pyridinium bromide, C9H10F4NO(+).Br(-), (2), both carrying a fluorous side chain at the para position of the pyridinium ring. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques revealed that (1) and (2) are isomorphous. The halide anions accept four hydrogen bonds from N-H, ortho-C-H and CF2-H groups. Two cations and two anions form a centrosymmetric dimeric building block, utilizing complimentary N-H...X...H-Csp(3) connections. These dimers are further crosslinked, utilizing another complimentary Csp(2)-H...X...H-Csp(2) connection. The pyridinium rings are pi-stacked, forming columns running parallel to the a axis that make angles of ca 44-45 degrees with the normal to the pyridinium plane. There are also supramolecular C-H...F-C interactions, namely bifurcated C-H...F and bifurcated C-F...H interactions; additionally, one type II C-F...F-C halogen bond has been observed.

Chloride: not simply a 'cheap osmoticum', but a beneficial plant macronutrient.[Pubmed:28379459]

J Exp Bot. 2017 Jun 1;68(12):3057-3069.

HIGHLIGHT: At macronutrient levels, chloride has positive effects on plant growth, which are distinct from its function in photosynthesis..

Determination of acylcarnitines in urine of patients with inborn errors of metabolism using high-performance liquid chromatography after derivatization with 4'-bromophenacylbromide.[Pubmed:8222273]

Clin Chim Acta. 1993 Jul 16;216(1-2):53-61.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is presented for the determination of urinary acylcarnitines. After solid phase extraction on silica columns the acylcarnitines are converted to 4'-bromophenacyl esters with 4'-bromophenacylbromide in the presence of N,N-diisopropylethylamine. Complete derivatization was achieved at 37 degrees C within 30 min. The 4'-bromophenacyl esters were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography on a Hypersil BDS C8 reversed-phase column with a binary gradient containing varying proportions of acetonitrile, water and 0.1 M triethylamine phosphate buffer. Essentially baseline separation was obtained with a standard mixture containing 4'-bromophenacyl esters of carnitine and synthetic acylcarnitines of increasing chain length ranging from acetyl- to palmitoylcarnitine. The method was used to obtain urinary acylcarnitine profiles from patients with propionic, methylmalonic and isovaleric acidemia and with medium-chain and multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Quantification of the acylcarnitines was achieved using undecanoylcarnitine as internal standard.

Molecular basis of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation defects.[Pubmed:1431593]

J Lipid Res. 1992 Aug;33(8):1099-110.

A dozen separate inherited disorders of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation have been described in humans. This represents about half of the potential sites for genetic error that can affect this important pathway of energy metabolism. As the characterization of these disorders at the clinical and biochemical levels has progressed rapidly, so has the delineation of the molecular defects that underlie them. The most commonly recognized disorder of beta-oxidation is medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency; a striking feature of this disorder is that there is a single point mutation that accounts for 90% of the variant alleles among patients with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Molecular defects of other enzymes in the pathway have been identified, and it seems likely that a complete description of these defects at the molecular level is a realistic goal. In basic biological terms, such studies will lead to a better understanding of the genetic control exerted on this pathway. In clinical terms, they will lead to improved understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of these diseases and may well provide the necessary techniques to proceed with the screening of these disorders.

Urinary excretion of l-carnitine and acylcarnitines by patients with disorders of organic acid metabolism: evidence for secondary insufficiency of l-carnitine.[Pubmed:6441143]

Pediatr Res. 1984 Dec;18(12):1325-8.

Concentrations of l-carnitine and acylcarnitines have been determined in urine from patients with disorders of organic acid metabolism associated with an intramitochondrial accumulation of acyl-CoA intermediates. These included propionic acidemia, methylmalonic aciduria, isovaleric acidemia, multicarboxylase deficiency, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria, methylacetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency, and various dicarboxylic acidurias including glutaric aciduria, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, and multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. In all cases, concentrations of acylcarnitines were greatly increased above normal with free carnitine concentrations ranging from undetectable to supranormal values. The ratios of acylcarnitine/carnitine were elevated above the normal value of 2.0 +/- 1.1. l-Carnitine was given to three of these patients; in each case, concentrations of plasma and urine carnitines increased accompanied by a marked increase in concentrations of short-chain acylcarnitines. These acylcarnitines have been examined using fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry in some of these diseases and have been shown to be propionylcarnitine in methylmalonic aciduria and propionic acidemia, isovalerylcarnitine in isovaleric acidemia, and hexanoylcarnitine and octanoylcarnitine in medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. The excretion of these acylcarnitines is compatible with the known accumulation of the corresponding acyl-CoA esters in these diseases. In this group of disorders, the increased acylcarnitine/carnitine ratio in urine and plasma indicates an imbalance of mitochondrial mass action homeostasis and, hence, of acyl-CoA/CoA ratios. Despite naturally occurring attempts to increase endogeneous l-carnitine biosynthesis, there is insufficient carnitine available to restore the mass action ratio as demonstrated by the further increase in acylcarnitine excretion when patients were given oral l-carnitine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)