Homoplantaginin

The herbs of Saluia plebeia R. Br.

Homoplantaginin is a flavonoid from a traditional Chinese medicine Salvia plebeia with antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties. Homoplantaginin could inhibit TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression, IKKβ and NF-κB phosphorylation.

In Vitro:Homoplantaginin shows IC50 of reduction level of DPPH radical at 0.35 μg/mL. In human hepatocyte HL-7702 cells exposed to H2O2, the addition of 0.1-100μg/mL of homoplantaginin significantly reduces lactate dehydrogenase leakage, and increases glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in supernatant[1]. Homoplantaginin (0.1, 1, 10 μM) dose-dependently reduces expression of toll-like receptor-4 evoked by palmitic acid (100 μM). Homoplantaginin tightly controlls palmitic acid-induced reactive oxygen species to prevent nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation by suppressing reactive oxygen species-sensitive thioredoxin-interacting protein, NLRP3, and caspase-1[2]. Pre-treatment of homoplantaginin on human umbilical vein endothelial cells significantly inhibits palmitic acid induced TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression, and IKKβ and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation. Homoplantaginin significantly modulates the Ser/Thr phosphorylation of IRS-1, improves phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and increases NO production in the presence of insulin[3].

In Vivo:Homoplantaginin(25-100mg/kg) significantly reducesthe increase in serum alanine aminotranseferase and aspartate aminotransferase, decreases the levels of TNF-α and IL-1. The same treatment also reduces the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, elevates the levels of GSH, GSH-Px and SOD in hepatic homogenate[1]. Homoplantaginin is rapidly absorbed (Tmax=16.00±8.94min), reaching a mean Cmax between 0.77 and 1.27nmol/mL. The absolute oral bioavailability is calculated to be only 0.75%.

References:
[1]. Qu XJ, et al. Protective effects of Salvia plebeia compound homoplantaginin on hepatocyte injury. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Jul;47(7):1710-5. [2]. He B, et al. Homoplantaginin Inhibits Palmitic Acid-induced Endothelial Cells Inflammation by Suppressing TLR4 and NLRP3 Inflammasome. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2016 Jan;67(1):93-101. [3]. Wu F, et al. Homoplantaginin modulates insulin sensitivity in endothelial cells by inhibiting inflammation. Biol Pharm Bull. 2012;35(7):1171-7. [4]. Cong Y, et al. Pharmacokinetics of homoplantaginin in rats following intravenous, peritoneal injection and oral administration. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2016 Sep 10;129:405-9.

Anti-influenza effect of the major flavonoids from Salvia plebeia R.Br. via inhibition of influenza H1N1 virus neuraminidase.[Pubmed:28504013]

Nat Prod Res. 2018 May;32(10):1224-1228.

To determine the compounds responsible for its anti-influenza activities, we isolated the three flavonoids, 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-O-beta-d-glucoside (1), nepitrin (2), Homoplantaginin (3) from the MeOH extract of Salvia plebeia R.Br. and identified them by comparing the spectroscopic data with that reported in the literature. The contents of the three flavonoids in the whole extract were 108.74 +/- 0.95, 46.26 +/- 2.19, and 69.35 +/- 1.22 mg/g for 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-O-beta-d-glucoside, nepitrin, and Homoplantaginin, respectively, which demonstrates that they are the major constituents of this plant. The three flavonoids were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against influenza virus H1N1 A/PR/9/34 neuraminidase and H1N1-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) on Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Our results demonstrated the following arrangement for their anti-influenza activities: nepitrin (2) > 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-O-beta-d-glucoside (1) > Homoplantaginin (3). The potent inhibitory activities of these flavonoids against influenza suggested their potential to be developed as novel anti-influenza drugs in the future.

Protective effects of Salvia plebeia compound homoplantaginin on hepatocyte injury.[Pubmed:19406199]

Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Jul;47(7):1710-5.

Salvia plebeia R. Br is a traditional Chinese herb which has been considered as an inflammatory mediator used for treatment of many infectious diseases including hepatitis. Previously, the compound Homoplantaginin was isolated in our group. Hence, we evaluated the protective effects of Homoplantaginin on hepatocyte injury. Homoplantaginin displayed an antioxidant property in a cell-free system and showed IC(50) of reduction level of DPPH radical at 0.35 microg/ml. In human hepatocyte HL-7702 cells exposed to H(2)O(2), the addition of 0.1-100 microg/ml of Homoplantaginin, which did not have a toxic effect on cell viability, significantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, and increased glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in supernatant. In vivo assay, we employed the model of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatic injury mice to evaluate efficacy of Homoplantaginin. Homoplantaginin (25-100mg/kg) significantly reduced the increase in serum alanine aminotranseferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1). The same treatment also reduced the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), elevated the levels of GSH, GSH-Px and SOD in hepatic homogenate. The histopathological analysis showed that the grade of liver injury was ameliorated with reduction of inflammatory cells and necrosis of liver cells in Homoplantaginin treatment mice. These results suggest that Homoplantaginin has a protective and therapeutic effect on hepatocyte injury, which might be associated with its antioxidant properties.

Homoplantaginin modulates insulin sensitivity in endothelial cells by inhibiting inflammation.[Pubmed:22791168]

Biol Pharm Bull. 2012;35(7):1171-7.

Recent data have indicated that inflammation plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance. The present study aims at examining the activity of Homoplantaginin, a flavonoid from a traditional Chinese medicine Salvia plebeia R. BR., on palmitic acid (PA)-induced insulin sensitivity and the underlying mechanisms of its anti-infammatory properties in the endothelial cells. Pre-treatment of Homoplantaginin on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) significantly inhibited PA induced tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA expression, and inhibitory kappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65 phosphorylation. To the PA-impaired insulin-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and decrease in nitric oxide (NO) production, pretreatment of Homoplantaginin could effectively reverse the effects of PA. Additionally, Homoplantaginin significantly modulated the Ser/Thr phosphorylation of IRS-1, improved phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and increased NO production in the presence of insulin. Taken together, our results demonstrated that Homoplantaginin ameliorates endothelial insulin resistance by inhibiting inflammation and modulating cell signalling via the IKKbeta/IRS-1/pAkt/peNOS pathway, suggesting it may be used for the prevention and treatment of endothelial dysfunction associated with insulin resistance.

Homoplantaginin is a flavonoid from a traditional Chinese medicine Salvia plebeia with antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties. Homoplantaginin could inhibit TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression, IKKβ and NF-κB phosphorylation.

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