JTE 013

Tumor Necrosis Factor-induced Decrease of Cochlear Blood Flow Can Be Reversed by Etanercept or JTE-013.[Pubmed:27295443]

Otol Neurotol. 2016 Aug;37(7):e203-8.

HYPOTHESIS: This study aimed to quantify the effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor Etanercept and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 antagonist JTE-013 on cochlear blood flow in guinea pigs after TNF-induced decrease. BACKGROUND: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss is a common cause for disability and reduced quality of life. Good understanding of the pathophysiology and strong evidence-based therapy concepts are still missing. In various inner ear disorders, inflammation and impairment of cochlear blood flow (CBF) have been considered factors in the pathophysiology. A central mediator of inflammation and microcirculation in the cochlea is TNF. S1P acts downstream in one TNF pathway. METHODS: Cochlea lateral wall vessels were exposed surgically and assessed by intravital microscopy in guinea pigs in vivo. Twenty-eight animals were randomly distributed into four groups of seven each. Exposed vessels were superfused by TNF (5.0 ng/ml) and afterward repeatedly either by Etanercept (1.0 mug/ml), JTE-013 (10 mumol/L), or vehicle (0.9 % NaCl solution or ethanol: phosphate-buffered saline buffer, respectively). RESULTS: After decreasing CBF with TNF (p <0.001, two-way RM ANOVA), both treatments reversed CBF, compared with vehicle (p <0.001, two-way RM ANOVA). The comparison of the vehicle groups showed no difference (p = 0.969, two-way RM ANOVA), while there was also no difference between the treatment groups (p = 0.850, two-way RM ANOVA). CONCLUSION: Both Etanercept and JTE-013 reverse the decreasing effect of TNF on cochlear blood flow and, therefore, TNF and the S1P-signalling pathway might be targets for treatment of microcirculation-related hearing loss.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 antagonist JTE-013 increases the excitability of sensory neurons independently of the receptor.[Pubmed:22673325]

J Neurophysiol. 2012 Sep;108(5):1473-83.

Previously we demonstrated that sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR(1)) played a prominent, but not exclusive, role in enhancing the excitability of small-diameter sensory neurons, suggesting that other S1PRs can modulate neuronal excitability. To examine the potential role of S1PR(2) in regulating neuronal excitability we used the established selective antagonist of S1PR(2), JTE-013. Here we report that exposure to JTE-013 alone produced a significant increase in excitability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in 70-80% of recorded neurons. Internal perfusion of sensory neurons with guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (GDP-beta-S) via the recording pipette inhibited the sensitization produced by JTE-013 as well as prostaglandin E(2). Pretreatment with pertussis toxin or the selective S1PR(1) antagonist W146 blocked the sensitization produced by JTE-013. These results indicate that JTE-013 might act as an agonist at other G protein-coupled receptors. In neurons that were sensitized by JTE-013, single-cell RT-PCR studies demonstrated that these neurons did not express the mRNA for S1PR(2). In behavioral studies, injection of JTE-013 into the rat's hindpaw produced a significant increase in the mechanical sensitivity in the ipsilateral, but not contralateral, paw. Injection of JTE-013 did not affect the withdrawal latency to thermal stimulation. Thus JTE-013 augments neuronal excitability independently of S1PR(2) by unknown mechanisms that may involve activation of other G protein-coupled receptors such as S1PR(1). Clearly, further studies are warranted to establish the causal nature of this increased sensitivity, and future studies of neuronal function using JTE-013 should be interpreted with caution.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid receptors: agonist and antagonist binding and progress toward development of receptor-specific ligands.[Pubmed:15271292]

Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2004 Oct;15(5):467-76.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid are two phospholipid growth factors whose importance in physiology and pathophysiology is becoming more and more apparent. Structure-activity relationships for agonism and antagonism at the thirteen known cell-surface and one intracellular receptor are described. Particular emphasis is placed on ligands having different selectivity than the parent molecules. Structural insights regarding agonist and antagonist recognition by the receptors from both computational modeling studies and crystallography are also discussed.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate induces contraction of coronary artery smooth muscle cells via S1P2.[Pubmed:12667959]

Cardiovasc Res. 2003 Apr 1;58(1):170-7.

OBJECTIVES: Sphingosine 1-phosphate (Sph-1-P), a bioactive lipid derived from activated platelets, may play an important role in coronary artery spasm and hence the pathogenesis of ischemic heart diseases, since we reported that a decrease in coronary blood flow was induced by this lysophospholipid in an in vivo canine heart model [Cardiovasc. Res. 46 (2000) 119]. In this study, metabolism related to and cellular responses elicited by Sph-1-P were examined in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CASMCs). METHODS AND RESULTS: [3H]Sphingosine (Sph), incorporated into CASMCs, was converted to [3H]Sph-1-P intracellularly, but its stimulation-dependent formation and extracellular release were not observed. Furthermore, the cell surface Sph-1-P receptors of S1P family (previously called EDG) were found to be expressed in CASMCs. Accordingly, Sph-1-P seems to act as an extracellular mediator in CASMCs. Consistent with Sph-1-P-elicited coronary vasoconstriction in vivo, Sph-1-P strongly induced CASMC contraction, which was inhibited by JTE-013, a newly-developed specific antagonist of S1P(2) (EDG-5). Furthermore, C3 exoenzyme or Y-27632 inhibited the CASMC contraction induced by Sph-1-P, indicating Rho involvement. Finally, exogenously-added [3H]Sph-1-P underwent a rapid degradation. Since lipid phosphate phosphatases, ectoenzymes capable of dephosphorylating Sph-1-P, were expressed in CASMCs, Sph-1-P may be dephosphorylated by the ectophosphatases. CONCLUSIONS: Sph-1-P, derived from platelets and dephosphorylated on the cell surface, may induce the contraction of coronary artery smooth muscle cells through the S1P(2)/Rho signaling.