LDN 212320

LDN-212320(OSU-0212320) is a glutamate transporter EAAT2 activator; enhances EAAT2 levels by > 6 fold at concentrations < 5 μM after 24 h. IC50 value: 1.83 uM(EC50) [2] Target: EAAT2 activator in vitro: LDN/OSU-0212320 increased EAAT2 protein levels in a dose-dependent(EC50=1.83 ± 0.27 μM) and time-dependent manner. LDN/OSU-0212320 increased EAAT2 protein levels and glutamate uptake function, but did not affect EAAT1 or EAAT3 protein levels. LDN/OSU-0212320 treatment markedly prevented neuronal loss and degeneration, as assessed by MAP2 immunostaining [2]. in vivo: After a single i.p. 40-mg/kg dose of LDN/OSU-0212320, EAAT2 protein levels and associated glutamate uptake increased by approximately 1.5- to 2-fold at 2 hours and by approximately 2- to 3-fold between 8 and 24 hours after injection. Even 72 hours after injection, an approximately 1.5-fold increase in EAAT2 protein levels could still be detected (data not shown). In addition, we found that LDN/OSU-0212320–induced EAAT2 protein levels and glutamate uptake were dose dependent [2]. Small-molecule activator of glutamate transporter EAAT2 translation provides neuroprotection By Kong, Qiongman; Chang, Ling-Chu; Takahashi, Kou; Liu, Qibing; Schulte, Delanie A.; Lai, Liching; Ibabao, Brian; Lin, Yuchen; Stouffer, Nathan; Das Mukhopadhyay, Chitra; et al From Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014), 124(3), 1255-1267. Structure-activity relationship study of pyridazine derivatives as glutamate transporter EAAT2 activators By Xing, Xuechao; Chang, Ling-Chu; Kong, Qiongman; Colton, Craig K.; Lai, Liching; Glicksman, Marcie A.; Lin, Chien-Liang Glenn; Cuny, Gregory D. From Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2011), 21(19), 5774-5777.

References:
[1]. Xing X, et al. Structure-activity relationship study of pyridazine derivatives as glutamate transporter EAAT2 activators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011 Oct 1;21(19):5774-7. [2]. Kong Q, et al. Small-molecule activator of glutamate transporter EAAT2 translation provides neuroprotection. J Clin Invest. 2014 Mar;124(3):1255-67.

Functional modulation on macrophage by low dose naltrexone (LDN).[Pubmed:27561742]

Int Immunopharmacol. 2016 Oct;39:397-402.

Previously it was confirmed that naltrexone, a non-peptide delta-opioid receptor selective antagonist is mainly used for alcoholic dependence and opioid addiction treatment. However, there is increasing data on immune regulation of low dose naltrexone (LDN). The aim of this work was to explore the effect of LDN on the phenotype and function of macrophage. The changes of macrophage after treatment with LDN were examined using flow cytometry (FCM); FITC-dextran phagocytosis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We have found that LDN enhances function of macrophage as confirmed by up-regulating MHC II molecule and CD64 on macrophage while down-regulating CD206 expression. Furthermore the productions of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1beta, increased significantly. Macrophages in LDN treated group performed the enhanced phagocytosis. Therefore it is concluded that LDN could promote function of macrophage and this work has provided concrete data of impact on immune system by LDN. Especially the data would support interaction between CD4+T cell and macrophage in AIDS treatment with LDN in Africa (LDN has already been approved in Nigeria for the use in AIDS treatment).

A sudden and unprecedented increase in low dose naltrexone (LDN) prescribing in Norway. Patient and prescriber characteristics, and dispense patterns. A drug utilization cohort study.[Pubmed:27670755]

Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2017 Feb;26(2):136-142.

PURPOSE: Following a TV documentary in 2013, there was a tremendous increase in low dose naltrexone (LDN) use in a wide range of unapproved indications in Norway. We aim to describe the extent of this sudden and unprecedented increase in LDN prescribing, to characterize patients and LDN prescribers, and to estimate LDN dose sizes. METHODS: LDN prescriptions recorded in the Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD) in 2013 and 2014, and sales data not recorded in NorPD from the only Norwegian LDN manufacturer were included in the study. RESULTS: According to NorPD, 15 297 patients (0.3% of population) collected at least one LDN prescription. The actual number of users was higher as at least 23% of total sales were not recorded in NorPD. After an initial wave, there was a steady stream of new and persistent users throughout the study period. Median patient age was 52 years, and 74% of patients were female. Median daily dose was 3.7 mg. Twenty percent of all doctors and 71% of general medicine practitioners registered in Norway in 2014 prescribed LDN at least once. CONCLUSIONS: The TV documentary on LDN in Norway was followed by a large increase in LDN prescribing, and the proportion of LDN users went from an insignificant number to 0.3% of the population. There was a high willingness to use and prescribe off label despite limited evidence. Observed median LDN dose, and age and gender distribution were as expected in typical LDN using patients. (c) 2016 The Authors. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

LDN-212320(OSU-0212320) is a glutamate transporter EAAT2 activator; enhances EAAT2 levels by > 6 fold at concentrations < 5 μM after 24 h.

LDN 212320,894002-50-7,LDN/OSU-0212320; LDN-0212320; OSU-0212320,Natural Products,Glutamate (EAAT) Transporters, buy LDN 212320 , LDN 212320 supplier , purchase LDN 212320 , LDN 212320 cost , LDN 212320 manufacturer , order LDN 212320 , high purity LDN 212320