TCS JNK 6o

IC50: 45 nM for JNK1 and 160 nM for JNK2 [1]

TCS JNK 6o is a ATP-competitive and selective c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor. JNKs belong to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) family, and are responsive to stress stimuli, including ultraviolet irradiation, cytokines, osmotic shock and heat shock. JNKs also play a role in the cellular apoptosis and T cell differentiation pathway.

In vitro: CS JNK 6o, in a dose-dependent manner, inhibits phosphorylation of c-jun (EC50 = 920 nM) and prevents collagen-induced platelet aggregation. At low collagen concentrations (0.2 and 0.5 μg/ml), platelet aggregation was totally or partially impaired by 10 μM CS JNK 6o, whereas at a high collagen concentration (5 μg/ml), TCS JNK 6o had no effect [2].

In vivo:. Pharmacokinetic profiles were studied for TCS JNK 6o in Sprague-Dawley rats. TCS JNK 6o showed a short half-life of about 1 hour, with barely measurable bioavailability and rapid clearance. Microsomal incubation studies revealed that the oxidative metabolism of TCS JNK 6o was very rapid [1]

Clinical trial: So far, no clinical study has been conducted.

References:
[1] Szczepankiewicz BG1, Kosogof C, Nelson LT, Liu G, Liu B, Zhao H, Serby MD, Xin Z, Liu M, Gum RJ, Haasch DL, Wang S, Clampit JE, Johnson EF, Lubben TH, Stashko MA, Olejniczak ET, Sun C, Dorwin SA, Haskins K, Abad-Zapatero C, Fry EH, Hutchins CW, Sham HL, Rondinone CM, Trevillyan JM.  Aminopyridine-based c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors with cellular activity and minimal cross-kinase activity. J Med Chem. 2006 Jun 15;49(12):3563-80.
[2] Kauskot A, Adam F, Mazharian A, Ajzenberg N, Berrou E, Bonnefoy A, Rosa JP, Hoylaerts MF, Bryckaert M.  Involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1 in thrombus formation. J Biol Chem. 2007 Nov 2;282(44):31990-9.

Dual functions for WNT5A during cartilage development and in disease.[Pubmed:23474397]

Matrix Biol. 2013 Jun 24;32(5):252-64.

Mouse and human genetic data suggests that Wnt5a is required for jaw development but the specific role in facial skeletogenesis is unknown. We mapped expression of WNT5A in the developing chicken skull and found that the highest expression was in early Meckel's cartilage but by stage 35 expression was decreased to background. We focused on chondrogenesis by targeting a retrovirus expressing WNT5A to the mandibular prominence prior to cell differentiation. Unexpectedly, there were no phenotypes in the first 6days following injection; however later the mandibular bones and Meckel's cartilage were reduced or missing on the treated side. To examine the effects on cartilage differentiation we treated micromass cultures from mandibular mesenchyme with Wnt5a-conditioned media (CM). Similar to in vivo viral data, cartilage differentiates normally, but, after 6days of culture, nearly all Alcian blue staining is lost. Collagen II and aggrecan were also decreased in treated cultures. The matrix loss was correlated with upregulation of metalloproteinases, MMP1, MMP13, and ADAMTS5 (codes for Aggrecanase). Moreover, Marimastat, an MMP and Aggrecanase inhibitor rescued cartilage matrix in Wnt5a-CM treated cultures. The pathways mediating these cartilage and RNA changes were investigated using luciferase assays. Wnt5a-CM was a potent inhibitor of the canonical pathway and strongly activated JNK/PCP signaling. To determine whether the matrix loss is mediated by repression of canonical signaling or activation of the JNK pathway we treated mandibular cultures with either DKK1, an antagonist of the canonical pathway, or a small molecule that antagonizes JNK signaling (TCS JNK 6o). DKK1 slightly increased cartilage formation and therefore suggested that the endogenous canonical signaling represses chondrogenesis. To test this further we added an excess of Wnt3a-CM and found that far fewer cartilage nodules differentiated. Since DKK1 did not mimic the effects of Wnt5a we excluded the canonical pathway from mediating the matrix loss phenotype. The JNK antagonist partially rescued the Wnt5a phenotype supporting this non-canonical pathway as the main mediator of the cartilage matrix degradation. Our study reveals two new roles for WNT5A in development and disease: 1) to repress canonical Wnt signaling in cartilage blastema in order to promote normal differentiation and 2) in conditions of excess to stimulate degradation of mature cartilage matrix via non-canonical pathways.

Involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1 in thrombus formation.[Pubmed:17785464]

J Biol Chem. 2007 Nov 2;282(44):31990-9.

The involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-1 (JNK1) has never been investigated in hemostasis and thrombosis. Using two JNK inhibitors (SP600125 and 6o), we have demonstrated that JNK1 is involved in collagen-induced platelet aggregation dependent on ADP. In these conditions, JNK1 activation requires the coordinated signaling pathways of collagen receptors (alpha2beta1 and glycoprotein (GP)VI) and ADP. In contrast, JNK1 is not required for platelet adhesion on a collagen matrix in static or blood flow conditions (300-1500 s(-1)) involving collagen receptors (alpha2beta1 and GPVI). Importantly, at 1500 s(-1), JNK1 acts on thrombus formation on a collagen matrix dependent on GPIb-von Willebrand factor (vWF) interaction but not ADP receptor activation. This is confirmed by the involvement of JNK1 in shear-induced platelet aggregation at 4000 s(-1). We also provide evidence during rolling and adhesion of platelets to vWF that platelet GPIb-vWF interaction triggers alphaIIbbeta3 activation in a JNK1-dependent manner. This was confirmed with a Glanzmann thrombastenic patient lacking alphaIIbbeta3. Finally, in vivo, JNK1 is involved in arterial but not in venular thrombosis in mice. Overall, our in vitro studies define a new role of JNK1 in thrombus formation in flowing blood that is relevant to thrombus development in vivo.

Aminopyridine-based c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors with cellular activity and minimal cross-kinase activity.[Pubmed:16759099]

J Med Chem. 2006 Jun 15;49(12):3563-80.

The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK-1, -2, and -3) are members of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase family of enzymes. They are activated in response to certain cytokines, as well as by cellular stresses including chemotoxins, peroxides, and irradiation. They have been implicated in the pathology of a variety of different diseases with an inflammatory component including asthma, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this work, high-throughput screening identified a JNK inhibitor with an excellent kinase selectivity profile. Using X-ray crystallography and biochemical screening to guide our lead optimization, we prepared compounds with inhibitory potencies in the low-double-digit nanomolar range, activity in whole cells, and pharmacokinetics suitable for in vivo use. The new compounds were over 1,000-fold selective for JNK-1 and -2 over other MAP kinases including ERK2, p38alpha, and p38delta and showed little inhibitory activity against a panel of 74 kinases.

JNK Inhibitor VIII (TCS JNK 6o) is a c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK-1, -2, and -3) inhibitor with Ki values of 2 nM, 4 nM, 52 nM, respectively, and has IC50 values of 45 nM and 160 nM for JNK-1 and -2, respectively.

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