LY2811376

LY2811376 is a non-peptidic inhibitor of BACE1.
Beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) is an aspartic-acid protease that cleaves the amyloid precursor protein (APP) into amyloid-βpeptide (Aβ), which plays a critical role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
In recombinant enzyme assays, LY2811376 inhibited hBACE1 with IC50 values of 249 nM and 239 nM against a larger chimeric protein substrate and a small synthetic peptide, respectively. In a human embryonic kidney cell line overexpressed APP, LY2811376 decreased Aβ secretion with EC50 value of 300 nM in a concentration-dependant way [1]. In SH-SY5Y cells, LY2811376 reduced Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 secreted to the cell medium while increased the level of Aβ5-40 [2].
In the APPV717F mouse, LY2811376 significantly reduced Aβ, as well as sAPP and C99, the cleavage products of APP by BACE1 [1]. In a healthy population (n =18), LY2811376 (30 mg, 90 mg) increased Aβ5-40 and Aβ5-X in a dose-dependant way, while Aβ1-34 reduced in a same way. These results suggested that LY2811376 inhibited N-terminally truncated Aβ peptides in a BACE1-independent pathway [2].
References:
[1]. May PC, Dean RA, Lowe SL, et al. Robust Central Reduction of Amyloid-  in Humans with an
Orally Available, Non-Peptidic  -Secretase Inhibitor. J Neurosci, 2011, 31(46): 16507-16516.
[2]. Portelius E, Dean RA, Andreasson U, et al. β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitor treatment induces Aβ5-X peptides through alternative amyloid precursor protein cleavage. Alzheimers Res Ther, 2014, 6(5-8): 75.

Robust central reduction of amyloid-beta in humans with an orally available, non-peptidic beta-secretase inhibitor.[Pubmed:22090477]

J Neurosci. 2011 Nov 16;31(46):16507-16.

According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, cerebral deposition of amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) is critical for Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Abeta generation is initiated when beta-secretase (BACE1) cleaves the amyloid precursor protein. For more than a decade, BACE1 has been a prime target for designing drugs to prevent or treat AD. However, development of such agents has turned out to be extremely challenging, with major hurdles in cell penetration, oral bioavailability/metabolic clearance, and brain access. Using a fragment-based chemistry strategy, we have generated LY2811376 [(S)-4-(2,4-difluoro-5-pyrimidin-5-yl-phenyl)-4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3]thiazi n-2-ylamine], the first orally available non-peptidic BACE1 inhibitor that produces profound Abeta-lowering effects in animals. The biomarker changes obtained in preclinical animal models translate into man at doses of LY2811376 that were safe and well tolerated in healthy volunteers. Prominent and long-lasting Abeta reductions in lumbar CSF were measured after oral dosing of 30 or 90 mg of LY2811376. This represents the first translation of BACE1-driven biomarker changes in CNS from preclinical animal models to man. Because of toxicology findings identified in longer-term preclinical studies, this compound is no longer progressing in clinical development. However, BACE1 remains a viable target because the adverse effects reported here were recapitulated in LY2811376-treated BACE1 KO mice and thus are unrelated to BACE1 inhibition. The magnitude and duration of central Abeta reduction obtainable with BACE1 inhibition positions this protease as a tractable small-molecule target through which to test the amyloid hypothesis in man.

Near-infrared fluorescence molecular imaging of amyloid beta species and monitoring therapy in animal models of Alzheimer's disease.[Pubmed:26199414]

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Aug 4;112(31):9734-9.

Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) molecular imaging has been widely applied to monitoring therapy of cancer and other diseases in preclinical studies; however, this technology has not been applied successfully to monitoring therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although several NIRF probes for detecting amyloid beta (Abeta) species of AD have been reported, none of these probes has been used to monitor changes of Abetas during therapy. In this article, we demonstrated that CRANAD-3, a curcumin analog, is capable of detecting both soluble and insoluble Abeta species. In vivo imaging showed that the NIRF signal of CRANAD-3 from 4-mo-old transgenic AD (APP/PS1) mice was 2.29-fold higher than that from age-matched wild-type mice, indicating that CRANAD-3 is capable of detecting early molecular pathology. To verify the feasibility of CRANAD-3 for monitoring therapy, we first used the fast Abeta-lowering drug LY2811376, a well-characterized beta-amyloid cleaving enzyme-1 inhibitor, to treat APP/PS1 mice. Imaging data suggested that CRANAD-3 could monitor the decrease in Abetas after drug treatment. To validate the imaging capacity of CRANAD-3 further, we used it to monitor the therapeutic effect of CRANAD-17, a curcumin analog for inhibition of Abeta cross-linking. The imaging data indicated that the fluorescence signal in the CRANAD-17-treated group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the result correlated with ELISA analysis of brain extraction and Abeta plaque counting. It was the first time, to our knowledge, that NIRF was used to monitor AD therapy, and we believe that our imaging technology has the potential to have a high impact on AD drug development.

LY2811376 is the first orally available non-peptidic β-secretase (BACE1) inhibitor with IC50 of 239 nM-249 nM, that acts to decrease Aβ secretion with EC50 of 300 nM, and demonstrates to have 10-fold selectivity towards BACE1 over BACE2, and more than 50-fold inhibition over other aspartic proteases including cathepsin D, pepsin, or renin.

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