PF-04217903 methanesulfonate

PF-04217903 is an ATP-competitive small-molecule inhibitor of c-Met kinase with Ki value of 4.8 nM [1].
The c-Met kinase is a kind of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) and plays critical roles in embryonic development and wound healing. Activation of c-Met by the exclusive ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) triggers a serious of biological responses that collectively give rise to the invasive growth .In cancers, abnormal activation of c-METs correlates with tumor growth, formation of new blood vessels and subsequently poor prognosis. PF-04217903 is a highly selective inhibitor of c-Met. It showed antitumor activity in tumor models where c-Met is activated by mechanisms including c-Met gene amplification, HGF/c-Met autocrine loop formation or c-Met overexpression [1].
PF-04217903 showed more than 1000-fold greater selectivity against c-Met kinase over 150 other kinases. When evaluated in a panel of human tumor and endothelial cell lines such as GTL-16, H1993 and HT29 cells, PF-04217903 showed inhibition of c-Met with a mean IC50 value of 7.3 nM. PF-04217903 was also found to inhibit some mutant c-Met including R988C (IC50 value of 6.4 nM), V1092I (IC50 value of 16 nM), H1094R (IC50 value of 3.1 nM), M1250T (IC50 value of 24 nM) and T11010I (IC50 value of 6.7 nM). Besides that, PF-04217903 suppressed proliferation of c-Met-amplified GTL-16 and H1993cells with IC50 values of 12 and 30 nM, respectively. It induced apoptosis in GTL-16 cells [1 and 2].
In mice bearing injected GTL-16 tumors, administration of PF-04217903 showed dose-dependent c-Met phosphorylation inhibition and antitumor efficacy. It inhibited the phosphorylation of c-Met with EC50 value of 10 nM and suppressed tumor growth with EC50 value of 13 nM. Moreover, PF-04217903 was found to affect the downstream signal transduction of c-Met such as AKT, STAT5 and Gab-1 [1].
References:
[1] Zou H Y, Li Q, Lee J H, et al. Sensitivity of selected human tumor models to PF-04217903, a novel selective c-Met kinase inhibitor. Molecular cancer therapeutics, 2012, 11(4): 1036-1047.
[2] Cui J J, McTigue M, Nambu M, et al. Discovery of a Novel Class of Exquisitely Selective Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition Factor (c-MET) Protein Kinase Inhibitors and Identification of the Clinical Candidate 2-(4-(1-(Quinolin-6-ylmethyl)-1 H-[1, 2, 3] triazolo [4, 5-b] pyrazin-6-yl)-1 H-pyrazol-1-yl) ethanol (PF-04217903) for the Treatment of Cancer. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 2012, 55(18): 8091-8109.

Discovery of a novel class of exquisitely selective mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) protein kinase inhibitors and identification of the clinical candidate 2-(4-(1-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-b]pyrazin-6-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1 -yl)ethanol (PF-04217903) for the treatment of cancer.[Pubmed:22924734]

J Med Chem. 2012 Sep 27;55(18):8091-109.

The c-MET receptor tyrosine kinase is an attractive oncology target because of its critical role in human oncogenesis and tumor progression. An oxindole hydrazide hit 6 was identified during a c-MET HTS campaign and subsequently demonstrated to have an unusual degree of selectivity against a broad array of other kinases. The cocrystal structure of the related oxindole hydrazide c-MET inhibitor 10 with a nonphosphorylated c-MET kinase domain revealed a unique binding mode associated with the exquisite selectivity profile. The chemically labile oxindole hydrazide scaffold was replaced with a chemically and metabolically stable triazolopyrazine scaffold using structure based drug design. Medicinal chemistry lead optimization produced 2-(4-(1-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-b]pyrazin-6-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1 -yl)ethanol (2, PF-04217903), an extremely potent and exquisitely selective c-MET inhibitor. 2 demonstrated effective tumor growth inhibition in c-MET dependent tumor models with good oral PK properties and an acceptable safety profile in preclinical studies. 2 progressed to clinical evaluation in a Phase I oncology setting.

Discovery of small molecule c-Met inhibitors: Evolution and profiles of clinical candidates.[Pubmed:20015007]

Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2010 Jan;10(1):7-27.

The scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-c-Met axis is involved in the malignant phenotype of various tumor types via activation of a wide range of autocrine and paracrine processes. Autocrine activation of tumor cell c-Met receptors enhances tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion/metastasis and resistance to apoptosis and cytotoxic therapies. In addition, tumor and stroma cell-derived HGF functions as a potent angiogenic factor. Therefore, the HGF-c-Met axis is critically involved in multiple facets of normal cellular growth and homeostasis and activated in a dysregulated manner in a variety of cancers. Consequently, inhibiting the HGF-c-Met axis would be anticipated to have potent anti-tumor effects in many cancers through multiple complimentary mechanisms including increased sensitivity to current cytotoxic chemo-and radiotherapies. The acceptance of c-Met as a tractable target for cancer therapy has fostered intensive drug discovery efforts across the pharmaceutical industry. This research has led to 20 published crystal structures (with and without ligands) that revealed two distinct binding modes for ATP-competitive inhibitors: Type I ligands which assumes a U shape geometry through interactions with both hinge and activation loop residue Y1230, and Type II ligands which adopt a more extended orientation, either binding a conventional DFG-out conformation or protein conformations with varying degrees of 'DFG-out' character. Nearly a dozen small molecule c-Met inhibitors have entered human clinical trials ranging from Type I inhibitors solely selective for c-Met to Type I inhibitors with broader kinase activities to Type II inhibitors with "spectrum selective" kinase activity. The identification, profiles and properties of these clinical candidates are summarized in this review.

Novel therapeutic inhibitors of the c-Met signaling pathway in cancer.[Pubmed:19318488]

Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Apr 1;15(7):2207-14.

A wide variety of human malignancies exhibit sustained c-Met stimulation, overexpression, or mutation, including carcinomas of the breast, liver, lung, ovary, kidney, and thyroid. Notably, activating mutations in c-Met have been positively identified in patients with a particular hereditary form of papillary renal cancer, directly implicating c-Met in human tumorigenesis. Aberrant signaling of the c-Met signaling pathway due to dysregulation of the c-Met receptor or overexpression of its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), has been associated with an aggressive phenotype. Extensive evidence that c-Met signaling is involved in the progression and spread of several cancers and an enhanced understanding of its role in disease have generated considerable interest in c-Met and HGF as major targets in cancer drug development. This has led to the development of a variety of c-Met pathway antagonists with potential clinical applications. The three main approaches of pathway-selective anticancer drug development have included antagonism of ligand/receptor interaction, inhibition of the tyrosine kinase catalytic activity, and blockade of the receptor/effector interaction. Several c-Met antagonists are now under clinical investigation. Preliminary clinical results of several of these agents, including both monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, have been encouraging. Several multitargeted therapies have also been under investigation in the clinic and have demonstrated promise, particularly with regard to tyrosine kinase inhibition.

Enzymatic characterization of c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase oncogenic mutants and kinetic studies with aminopyridine and triazolopyrazine inhibitors.[Pubmed:19459657]

Biochemistry. 2009 Jun 16;48(23):5339-49.

The c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is a key regulator in cancer, in part, through oncogenic mutations. Eight clinically relevant mutants were characterized by biochemical, biophysical, and cellular methods. The c-Met catalytic domain was highly active in the unphosphorylated state (k(cat) = 1.0 s(-1)) and achieved 160-fold enhanced catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) upon activation to 425000 s(-1) M(-1). c-Met mutants had 2-10-fold higher basal enzymatic activity (k(cat)) but achieved maximal activities similar to those of wild-type c-Met, except for Y1235D, which underwent a reduction in maximal activity. Small enhancements of basal activity were shown to have profound effects on the acquisition of full enzymatic activity achieved through accelerating rates of autophosphorylation. Biophysical analysis of c-Met mutants revealed minimal melting temperature differences indicating that the mutations did not alter protein stability. A model of RTK activation is proposed to describe how a RTK response may be matched to a biological context through enzymatic properties. Two c-Met clinical candidates from aminopyridine and triazolopyrazine chemical series (PF-02341066 and PF-04217903) were studied. Biochemically, each series produced molecules that are highly selective against a large panel of kinases, with PF-04217903 (>1000-fold selective relative to 208 kinases) being more selective than PF-02341066. Although these prototype inhibitors have similar potencies against wild-type c-Met (K(i) = 6-7 nM), significant differences in potency were observed for clinically relevant mutations evaluated in both biochemical and cellular contexts. In particular, PF-02341066 was 180-fold more active against the Y1230C mutant c-Met than PF-04217903. These highly optimized inhibitors indicate that for kinases susceptible to active site mutations, inhibitor design may need to balance overall kinase selectivity with the ability to inhibit multiple mutant forms of the kinase (penetrance).

PF-04217903 methanesulfonate is a potent ATP-competitive c-Met kinase inhibitor with Ki of 4.8 nM for human c-Met. PF-04217903 methanesulfonate shows more than 1,000-fold selectivity relative to 208 kinases. Antiangiogenic properties.

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