Tolnaftate

Tolnaftate

Eu(III)-Sensitized Luminescence Probe for Determination of Tolnaftate in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Fluids.[Pubmed:26964843]

J AOAC Int. 2016 Mar-Apr;99(2):380-5.

A highly selective, sensitive, accurate, and reproducible luminescence procedure for determination of antifungal drug Tolnaftate was developed. The introduced method was based on the formation of Europa Universalis III (Eu(III))-Tolnaftate complex using sodium sulfite as a deoxygenated agent in the presence of acetate buffer (pH = 6) and micellar solution of anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate. The optimum conditions (effect of pH, buffer, surfactant, Eu(III), and sodium sulfite concentrations) for the luminescence signal were investigated and optimized. The luminescence signals were recorded at lambdaex = 270 nm and lambdaem = 460 nm. The method has a good linear response (0.2-130 mug/mL(-1)) between the luminescence intensity and the concentrations of the drug (r = 0.999), with a LOD 0.07 mug/mL(-1) and LOQ 0.2 mug/mL(-1). The luminescence signals of Eu (III)-Tolnaftate-sodium dodecyl sulfate were found to be 200-fold more sensitive without the presence of micelle solution. The interferences of some additives, metals, amino acids, sugars, and other related pharmacological action drugs were examined and no interference was recorded. The proposed method was used for quick and simple determination of Tolnaftate in its pharmaceuticals and biological fluids.

Study of tolnaftate release from fatty acids containing ointment and penetration into human skin ex vivo.[Pubmed:22125963]

Acta Pol Pharm. 2011 Nov-Dec;68(6):965-73.

Five fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, myristic, lauric and capric) were incorporated in 10% (w/w) into ointment formulation and their influence on lipophilic model drug Tolnaftate release in vitro and enhancing effect on Tolnaftate penetration into epidermis and dermis of human skin ex vivo were investigated. The prepared ointments were tested for homogeneity, pH and theological properties. In vitro release studies and ex vivo skin penetration experiments were carried out using Hanson and Bronaugh-type flow-through diffusion cells, respectively. Tolnaftate cumulative amount liberated from semisolids was assayed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. After in vitro skin penetration studies, appropriately extracted human skin layers were analyzed for Tolnaftate content using a validated HPLC method. Statistical analysis revealed that release rate of Tolnaftate from control ointment and ointments with fatty acids was not significantly different and only 7.34-8.98% of drug was liberated into an acceptor medium after 6 h. Tolnaftate amount penetrating into 1 cm2 of epidermis from ointments containing oleic, linoleic, myristic and lauric acids was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than from the control ointment. Penetration enhancing ratios for these fatty acids for Tolnaftate penetration into epidermis ranged from 1.48 to 1.75. In conclusion, fatty acids did not increase the liberation of Tolnaftate from ointment formulation, but demonstrated their enhancing effect on Tolnaftate penetration into human epidermis in vitro. Results from in vitro release experiments do not suit for prediction of the situation in the skin in vitro, if chemical penetration enhancers are incorporated into the ointment formulation.

Nonplanar property study of antifungal agent tolnaftate-spectroscopic approach.[Pubmed:21565546]

Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2011 Sep;79(5):993-1003.

Vibrational analysis of the thionocarbamate fungicide Tolnaftate which is antidermatophytic, antitrichophytic and antimycotic agent, primarily inhibits the ergosterol biosynthesis in the fungus, was carried out using NIR FT-Raman and FTIR spectroscopic techniques. The equilibrium geometry, various bonding features, harmonic vibrational wavenumbers and torsional potential energy surface (PES) scan studies have been computed using density functional theory method. The detailed interpretation of the vibrational spectra has been carried out with the aid of VEDA.4 program. Vibrational spectra, natural bonding orbital (NBO) analysis and optimized molecular structure show the clear evidence for electronic interaction of thionocarbamate group with aromatic ring. Predicted electronic absorption spectrum from TD-DFT calculation has been compared with the UV-vis spectrum. The Mulliken population analysis on atomic charges and the HOMO-LUMO energy were also calculated. Vibrational analysis reveals that the simultaneous IR and Raman activation of the C-C stretching mode in the phenyl and naphthalene ring provide evidence for the charge transfer interaction between the donor and acceptor groups and is responsible for its bioactivity as a fungicide.

Enhancement of the topical tolnaftate delivery for the treatment of tinea pedis via provesicular gel systems.[Pubmed:27666873]

J Liposome Res. 2017 Dec;27(4):324-334.

Tolnaftate is a thiocarbamate antifungal drug which is therapeutically active against dermatophytes that cause various forms of tinea. Due to the small amount of Tolnaftate released from ordinary ointment bases and insufficient penetration through the infected skin layers the need to incorporate the drug in a more suitable pharmaceutical form has evolved. A provesicular system is one such form that can solve these problems. Once in contact with the skin, dilution with moisture occurs and the provesicular system rapidly transforms into a vesicular one. Provesicular systems were prepared according to full-factorial experimental design. Plain provesicular systems were compared with systems containing Phospholipon 80 H and Lipoid S45 as penetration enhancers. Design expert software was used to analyze the effect of formulation variables (type of Span used as well as the presence or the absence of the penetration enhancer and its type) on the dependent variables: percent encapsulation efficiency (EE%), vesicle size and percent in vitro drug released). Three formulations were chosen; a plain provesicular system (PV-2), one containing Phospholipon 80H (PV-6) and another containing Lipoid S45 (PV-10) with the goal to reveal the effect of penetration enhancer on morphology, rheological properties and ex vivo permeation using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Analysis of CLSM results showed that the penetration enhancing effect for the tested formulations followed the order PV-10 > PV-6 > PV-2. Promising clinically active treatment for tinea patients could be expected as shown by the in vivo permeation results for the provesicular systems as suggested by the CLSM results.