Wogonoside

The herbs of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi.

Antithrombotic activities of wogonin and wogonoside via inhibiting platelet aggregation.[Pubmed:25020199]

Fitoterapia. 2014 Oct;98:27-35.

Wogonin (WGN), a flavonoid extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has several biological effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, neuroprotective, anxiolytic, and anticancer activities, and the flavonoid Wogonoside (WGNS) can be derived from S. baicalensis, as it is a metabolite of wogonin. Here, the anticoagulant activities of WGN(S) were examined by monitoring activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), and the activities of thrombin (factor IIa, FIIa) and activated factor X (FXa), and the effects of WGN(S) on expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) were evaluated in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Treatment with WGN(S) resulted in prolonged aPTT and PT and inhibition of the activities of thrombin and FXa, as well as inhibited production of thrombin and FXa in HUVECs. In addition, WGN(S) inhibited thrombin-catalyzed fibrin polymerization and platelet aggregation. WGN(S) also elicited anticoagulant effects in mice. In addition, treatment with WGN(S) resulted in significant reduction of the PAI-1 to t-PA ratio. Collectively, WGN(S) possesses antithrombotic activities and offers a basis for development of a novel anticoagulant.

Effects of wogonin, wogonoside, and 3,5,7,2',6'-pentahydroxyflavone on chemical mediator production in peritoneal exduate cells and immunoglobulin E of rat mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes.[Pubmed:12499072]

J Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Jan;84(1):23-9.

Wogonin (WG), Wogonoside (WGS), and 3,5,7,2',6'-pentahydroxyl flavanone (PHF) were isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, and their effects on histamine, leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), and immunoglobulin E (IgE) were examined in rats, observing for a manifestation of a type I allergic reaction. WG and WGS in the amounts of 10 and 100 microM were shown to markedly inhibit histamine release in cells stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 or compound 48/80. PHF exerted inhibitory activity only at 100 microM. In the case of LTB(4), WG, WGS and PHF markedly inhibited LTB(4) production at the concentration of 100 microM. We also find that the increase in the IgE content induced by concanavalin A (ConA) was alleviated in the presence WG and WGS, while the inhibitory effect of PHF was much weaker. However, the magnitude of inhibitory effect observed on the content of lipid peroxidation induced by ConA was in order of PHF > WG > WGS, with PHF being the strongest. Interestingly, WG and WGS with the methoxyl group strongly inhibited histamine and IgE production, whereas PHF with the hydroxyl group in the B ring was much stronger than WG and WGS against lipid peroxidation. Based on data, it was concluded that the flavonoid components, WG, WGS, and PHF, may block a common pathway for the release of histamine and LTB(4), and that the IgE level is responsible for the lipid peroxidation induced by ConA.

Wogonoside induces autophagy in MDA-MB-231 cells by regulating MAPK-mTOR pathway.[Pubmed:23000445]

Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Jan;51:53-60.

Previous studies have demonstrated that Wogonoside, a bioactive flavonoid extracted from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Gerogi, has anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activities. In this study, we evaluated Wogonoside-induced autophagy on human breast MDA-MB-231 cells. We report that Wogonoside triggered the formation of microtubule-associated protein-light chain 3 (MAP-LC3) positive autophagosomes and the accumulation of acidic vesicular and autolysosomes in MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, cells treated by Wogonoside developed autophagosome-like characteristics, including single and double membrane vacuoles containing intact and degraded cellular debris. The results showed that Wogonoside promotes the expression of LC3-II and Beclin-1. Furthermore, Wogonoside inhibited cell growth of MDA-MB-231 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, which was associated with Wogonoside-induced autophagy. Wogonoside also suppressed the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p70-S6 kinase (p70S6K) by regulating the expression of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and p38 involved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that Wogonoside partially inhibits MDA-MB-231 cell growth by inducing autophagy through the MAPK-mTOR pathway and may be a promising anti-tumor agent.

Wogonoside induces cell cycle arrest and differentiation by affecting expression and subcellular localization of PLSCR1 in AML cells.[Pubmed:23487022]

Blood. 2013 May 2;121(18):3682-91.

Wogonoside is the main flavonoid component derived from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. It is a popular Chinese herbal medicine with the potential to treat hematologic malignancies. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of Wogonoside in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and primary patient-derived AML cells. Wogonoside exerted antiproliferative properties both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, it efficiently inhibited the proliferation of U937 and HL-60 cells through the induction of G1 phase arrest and the promotion of differentiation. We also demonstrated that Wogonoside significantly increased the transcription of phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) due to its influence on the expression of cell cycle- and differentiation-related genes, including the upregulation of p21waf1/cip1 and downregulation of the oncogenic protein c-Myc. Wogonoside also promoted PLSCR1 trafficking into the nucleus and facilitated its binding to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 (IP3R1) promoter, thus increasing the expression of IP3R1. Finally, inhibition of PLSCR1 expression with small interfering RNA partially blocked Wogonoside-induced cell cycle arrest and differentiation and disturbed the Wogonoside-associated molecular events. The results of this study therefore suggest that Wogonoside may represent a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of AML.

Wogonoside ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice.[Pubmed:24854163]

Inflammation. 2014 Dec;37(6):2006-12.

Wogonoside has been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Wogonoside on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. Male BALB/c mice with ALI, induced by intranasal instillation of LPS, were treated with Wogonoside 1 h prior to LPS exposure. Mice treated with LPS alone showed significantly increased TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). When pretreated with Wogonoside, the TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta levels were significantly decreased. Meanwhile, Wogonoside significantly inhibited LPS-induced increases in the macrophage and neutrophil infiltration of lung tissues and markedly attenuated myeloperoxidase activity. Furthermore, Wogonoside inhibited the TLR4 expression and the phosphorylation of NF-kappaB p65, and IkappaB induced by LPS. In conclusion, our results indicate that Wogonoside exhibits a protective effect on LPS-induced ALI via suppression of TLR4-mediated NF-kappaB signaling pathways.

Wogonoside protects against dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis in mice by inhibiting NF-kappaB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.[Pubmed:25677765]

Biochem Pharmacol. 2015 Mar 15;94(2):142-54.

Previous studies have demonstrated that Wogonoside, the glucuronide metabolite of wogonin, has anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and anticancer effects. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Wogonoside has not been fully elucidated. Recently, NLRP3 inflammasome has been reported to be correlated with inflammatory bowel disease for its ability to induce IL-1beta release. Nevertheless, there are few drug candidates targeting NLRP3 inflammasome for this disease. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of Wogonoside in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine colitis and further revealed the underlying mechanisms by targeting NF-kappaB and NLRP3 inflammasome. Wogonoside treatment dose-dependently attenuated DSS-induced body weight loss and colon length shortening. Moreover, Wogonoside prevented DSS-induced colonic pathological damage, remarkably inhibited inflammatory cells infiltration and significantly decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activities. The production of pro-inflammatory mediators in serum and colon was also significantly reduced by Wogonoside. The underlying mechanisms for the protective effect of Wogonoside in DSS-induced colitis may be attributed to its inhibition on NF-kappaB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in colons. Furthermore, Wogonoside markedly decreased production of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 and suppressed mRNA expression of pro-IL-1beta and NLRP3 in phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-differentiated monocytic THP-1 cells via inhibiting the activation of NF-kappaB and NLRP3 inflammasome. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that Wogonoside may exert its anti-inflammatory effect via dual inhibition of NF-kappaB and NLRP3 inflammasome, suggesting that Wogonoside might be a potential effective drug for inflammatory bowel diseases.

Wogonoside inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo via toll-like receptor 4 signal transduction.[Pubmed:19428938]

Toxicology. 2009 May 2;259(1-2):10-7.

Wogonoside, one flavonoid derived from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has been reported for its anti-inflammation activity; however, whether it can inhibit inflammation-induced angiogenesis is still unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of Wogonoside on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Wogonoside suppressed the LPS-stimulated migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), as well as microvessel sprouting from rat aortic rings in vitro. Moreover, Wogonoside also inhibited LPS-stimulated vessel growth of Chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) in vivo. The mechanism revealed that Wogonoside inhibited LPS-induced toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) up-regulation and its downstream mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activation, by decreasing the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. The results suggest that Wogonoside inhibits LPS-induced angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo, and that it might have a therapeutic potential for the diseases associated with the development of both inflammation and angiogenesis progress.

Wogonoside, a flavonoid glycoside isolated from Huangqin, possesses anti-inflammatory effects. Wogonoside induces autophagy in breast cancer cells by regulating MAPK-mTOR pathway.

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