Clomipramine HCl

Clomipramine HCl is a serotonin transporter (SERT), norepinephrine transporter (NET) dopamine transporter (DAT) blocker with Ki of 0.14, 54 and 3 nM, respectively.Clomipramine hydrochloride (Anafranil) is a hydrochloride salt of clomipramine which is a se

Comparison of microencapsulation techniques for the water-soluble drugs nitenpyram and clomipramine HCl.[Pubmed:12480309]

J Control Release. 2002 Dec 13;85(1-3):35-43.

In this investigation, the water-soluble drugs nitenpyram and Clomipramine HCl were encapsulated using coacervation, solvent evaporation and film-coating. The effect of different process factors on the encapsulation efficiency and the release profile of the microparticles was evaluated. For coacervation it was shown that the core to wall ratio was the most important factor. For solvent evaporation using an w/o emulsion the type and concentration of the surfactant were the most important parameters for a successful encapsulation. Additionally the coated material was tested for its stability under different conditions as a powder or compressed into tablets. It could clearly be demonstrated that the coated drug substance exhibited a better stability then the uncoated material. The particles prepared by film-coating showed the best stability.

In vitro release of clomipramine HCl and buprenorphine HCl from poly adipic anhydride (PAA) and poly trimethylene carbonate (PTMC) blends.[Pubmed:16044413]

J Biomed Mater Res A. 2005 Oct 1;75(1):185-91.

Controlled drug-delivery technology is concerned with the systematic release of a pharmaceutical agent to maintain a therapeutic level of the drug in the body for modulated and/or prolonged periods of time. This may be achieved by incorporating the therapeutic agent into a degradable polymer vehicle, which releases the agent continuously as the matrix erodes. In this study, poly trimethylene carbonate (PTMC), an aliphatic polycarbonate, and poly adipic anhydride (PAA), an aliphatic polyanhydride, were synthesized via melt condensation and ring-opening polymerization of trimethylene carbonate and adipic acid, respectively. The release of Clomipramine HCl and buprenorphine HCl from discs prepared with the use of PTMC-PAA blends in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) are also described. Clomipramine HCl and buprenorphine HCl were both used as hydrophilic drug models. Theoretical treatment of the data with the Peppas model revealed that release of Clomipramine HCl (5%) in devices containing 70% PTMC or more followed a Fickian diffusion model. However, the releases of buprenorphine HCl (5%) in the same devices were anomalous. For devices containing 50% and more PAA, surface erosion may play a significant role in the release of both molecules.

Neurotransmitter receptor and transporter binding profile of antidepressants and their metabolites.[Pubmed:9400006]

J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Dec;283(3):1305-22.

Several new antidepressants that inhibit the serotonin (SERT) and norepinephrine transporters (NET) have been introduced into clinical practice the past several years. This report focuses on the further pharmacologic characterization of nefazodone and its metabolites within the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems, in comparison with other antidepressants. By use of radioligand binding assays, we measured the affinity (Ki) of 13 antidepressants and 6 metabolites for the rat and human SERT and NET. The Ki values for eight of the antidepressants and three metabolites were also determined for the rat 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A and muscarinic cholinergic receptors, the guinea pig histamine1 receptor and the human alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors. These data are useful for predicting side effect profiles and the potential for pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions of antidepressants. Of particular interest were the findings that paroxetine, generally thought of as a selective SERT antagonist, possesses moderately high affinity for the NET and that venlafaxine, which has been described as a "dual uptake inhibitor", possesses weak affinity for the NET. We observed significant correlations in SERT (r = 0.965) or NET (r = 0.983) affinity between rat and human transporters. Significant correlations were also observed between muscarinic cholinergic and NET affinity. There are several significant correlations between affinities for the 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, histamine1, alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors. These novel findings, not widely described previously, suggest that many of the individual drugs studied in these experiments possess some structural characteristic that determines affinity for several G protein-coupled, but not muscarinic, receptors.

Effects of monoamine uptake inhibitors on extracellular and platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat blood: different effects of clomipramine and fluoxetine.[Pubmed:1387022]

Br J Pharmacol. 1992 Apr;105(4):941-6.

1. The concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in rat platelet-free plasma increased significantly 30 min after a single i.p. injection (10 mg kg-1) of each of six inhibitors of the high-affinity 5-HT uptake (fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, alaproclate, paroxetine, sertraline and clomipramine). The increases ranged from 226% to 776% of control values. In contrast, imipramine, desipramine and femoxetine had no significant effect. The increase elicited by paroxetine was dependent on the dose (1, 5 and 10 mg kg-1) and returned to control values after 4 h. That observed after clomipramine was also transient and paralleled the plasma concentration of the drug (Spearman-rank correlation r = 0.43). 2. In vivo, the rat pulmonary vascular endothelium removed trace amounts (8.8 nmol in a bolus) of intravenously injected [14C]-5-HT. Paroxetine pretreatment (10 mg kg-1, 30 min before-hand) reduced this uptake by 73%. 3. Repeated fluoxetine treatments reduced rat whole blood 5-HT concentration (ca. -60% after daily 2 x 5 mg kg-1, i.p. during 14 days). However, plasma (extracellular) 5-HT was not increased. 4. Various repeated treatments with clomipramine (i.p. injections or osmotic minipumps, up to 30 mg kg-1 day-1), failed to decrease rat whole blood 5-HT concentrations. Platelet-free plasma 5-HT was also unchanged, even after treatments yielding plasma clomipramine levels 2.7 times higher than those that increased it acutely. 5. These results indicate that the extracellular pool of 5-HT in rat blood (measured in the platelet-free plasma) is physiologically under the control of high-affinity 5-HT uptake systems.The sustained 5-HT uptake inhibition does not result in an increase of 5-HT in platelet-free plasma, suggesting that adaptative mechanisms are triggered. The distinct long-term effects of the two antidepressants clomipramine and fluoxetine on rat whole blood 5-HT suggest a differential in vivo action on the rat 5-HT uptake.

Clomipramine. An overview of its pharmacological properties and a review of its therapeutic use in obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorder.[Pubmed:2178909]

Drugs. 1990 Jan;39(1):136-53.

During the 20 years that have elapsed since clomipramine (chlorimipramine) was first marketed, it has become well established in the treatment of depressive illness, particularly treatment-resistant depression. However, in addition to its role as an antidepressant, attention is being focused on the use of clomipramine in 2 other areas of psychiatry: obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorder. Short term clinical trials have shown that clomipramine is generally more effective than amitriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, nortriptyline or clorgiline in reducing obsessive compulsive symptoms. Clomipramine appears to produce some short term benefit with exposure therapy in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. However, the efficacy of the drug after long term follow-up has not been fully investigated. The antiobsessional efficacy of clomipramine appears to be independent of its antidepressant activity. In patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia (DSM-IIIR), clomipramine reduces the frequency and severity of panic attacks within 7 to 21 days of beginning treatment and efficacy is maintained for at least 12 months. Clomipramine is more effective than imipramine, the generally accepted standard treatment for patients with panic disorder after 2 weeks' treatment, but after 6 or 10 weeks both drugs are similarly effective. Other double-blind studies have shown that clomipramine is more effective than placebo and at least as effective as fluvoxamine and oxitriptan (5-hydroxytryptophan) in reducing panic attacks and associated anxiety. Adverse effects associated with clomipramine treatment are mild to moderate in nature and are predominantly a result of the drug's anticholinergic activity. The incidence of seizures is dose related, occurring in 0.48% of all patients receiving clomipramine less than or equal to 250 mg/day and 2.1% of patients receiving greater than or equal to 300 mg/day. In conclusion, the available data indicate that clomipramine is a worthwhile addition to the limited treatments available for obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorder, two psychiatric disorders which have previously been difficult to manage pharmacologically.

Clomipramine hydrochloride is a serotonin transporter (SERT), norepinephrine transporter (NET) and dopamine transporter (DAT) blocker with Ki of 0.14, 54 and 3 nM, respectively.

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