GW1929

Potent PPARγ agonist CAS# 196808-24-9

GW1929

Catalog No. BCC1611----Order now to get a substantial discount!

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Chemical structure

GW1929

3D structure

Chemical Properties of GW1929

Cas No. 196808-24-9 SDF Download SDF
PubChem ID 6518171 Appearance Powder
Formula C30H29N3O4 M.Wt 495.57
Type of Compound N/A Storage Desiccate at -20°C
Solubility DMSO : ≥ 35 mg/mL (70.63 mM)
*"≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.
Chemical Name (2S)-2-(2-benzoylanilino)-3-[4-[2-[methyl(pyridin-2-yl)amino]ethoxy]phenyl]propanoic acid
SMILES CN(CCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)CC(C(=O)O)NC2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3)C4=CC=CC=N4
Standard InChIKey QTQMRBZOBKYXCG-MHZLTWQESA-N
Standard InChI InChI=1S/C30H29N3O4/c1-33(28-13-7-8-18-31-28)19-20-37-24-16-14-22(15-17-24)21-27(30(35)36)32-26-12-6-5-11-25(26)29(34)23-9-3-2-4-10-23/h2-18,27,32H,19-21H2,1H3,(H,35,36)/t27-/m0/s1
General tips For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months.
We recommend that you prepare and use the solution on the same day. However, if the test schedule requires, the stock solutions can be prepared in advance, and the stock solution must be sealed and stored below -20℃. In general, the stock solution can be kept for several months.
Before use, we recommend that you leave the vial at room temperature for at least an hour before opening it.
About Packaging 1. The packaging of the product may be reversed during transportation, cause the high purity compounds to adhere to the neck or cap of the vial.Take the vail out of its packaging and shake gently until the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial.
2. For liquid products, please centrifuge at 500xg to gather the liquid to the bottom of the vial.
3. Try to avoid loss or contamination during the experiment.
Shipping Condition Packaging according to customer requirements(5mg, 10mg, 20mg and more). Ship via FedEx, DHL, UPS, EMS or other couriers with RT, or blue ice upon request.

Biological Activity of GW1929

DescriptionGW1929 is a potent PPAR-γ activator, with pKis of 8.84, < 5.5, and < 6.5 for human PPAR-γ, PPAR-α, and PPAR-δ, and pEC50s of 8.56 and 8.27 for human PPAR-γ and murine PPAR-γ, respectively.In Vitro:GW1929 is a potent PPAR-γ activator, with pKis of 8.84, < 5.5, and < 6.5 for human PPAR-γ, PPAR-α, and PPAR-δ, and pEC50s of 8.56 and 8.27 for human PPAR-γ and murine PPAR-γ, respectively[1]. GW1929 (10 μM) inhibits TBBPA-induced caspase-3 increase and TBBPA-stimulated LDH release in neocortical cell cultures[2].In Vivo:GW1929 (0.5, 1, 5 mg/kg, p.o.) highly decreases nonfasted plasma glucose levels in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats after treatment for 14 days, and possesses antilipolytic efficacy. GW1929 (1, 5 mg/kg, p.o.) increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion of β-cell in ZDF rats[1].

References:
[1]. Brown KK, et al. A novel N-aryl tyrosine activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma reverses the diabetic phenotype of the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Diabetes. 1999 Jul;48(7):1415-24. [2]. Wojtowicz AK, et al. PPAR-γ agonist GW1929 but not antagonist GW9662 reduces TBBPA-induced neurotoxicity in primary neocortical cells. Neurotox Res. 2014 Apr;25(3):311-22.

Protocol

Kinase Assay [1]
Ligand binding to bacterially expressed ligand binding domain (LBD) of hPPAR-γ is determined by scintillation proximity assay (SPA). The assay measures the ability of putative ligands to displace receptor bound [3H]BRL 49653. Assays are conducted in 96-well plates. Wells contained varying concentrations of GW1929 or troglitazone; streptavidin-modified SPA beads to which biotinylates PPAR-γ LBD is prebound; and 10 nM of the specific radioligand [3H]BRL 49653 in a volume of 100 μL. The amount of nonspecific binding, as assessed by control wells that contained 50 μM of the corresponding unlabeled ligand, is subtracted from each data point. For each compound tested, plots of ligand concentration versus counts/min of radioligand bound are constructed, and apparent Ki values are estimated from a nonlinear least squares fit of the data, assuming simple competitive binding. The results are expressed as pKi, where pKi = -log10(KI)[1].

Cell Assay [2]
For the experiments, the cells are plated in 96-well plates at a density 2 × 105 cells per cm2 and cultured in the presence of TBBPA, in a concentrations range from 1 nM to 100 μM TBBPA. TBBPA is dissolved in DMSO, resulting in a final vehicle concentration of 0.1 % (v/v). Control (no vehicle) and DMSO-treated wells are included in the experimental design to determine the effect of DMSO. To study whether PPAR-γ is involved in the neurotoxic effect of TBBPA, cells are co-treated with 10 μM TBBPA and 10 μM GW1929 or GW9662. After 6 or 24 h of culture, 100 μL medium is collected for the LDH analysis, and the cells are collected and frozen at −70°C for the caspase-3 activity measurements[2].

Animal Administration [1]
Animals are housed at 72°F and 50% relative humidity with a 12-h light and dark cycle, and fed Formulab Diet 5008. Age- (60-day) and glucose-matched male Zucker diabetic fatty rats are gavaged twice daily for 14 days with vehicle (0.05 M N-methylglucamine), GW1929 (0.5, 1.0, or 5.0 mg/kg), or troglitazone (as the milled extrudate, in a suspension in methylcellulose, 50, 150, and 500 mg/kg). Another group of animals receives a mixture of Humulin N and Humulin R by subcutaneous injection twice daily. On days 7 and 14 of dosing, nonfasted measurements of glucose, lactate, insulin, total cholesterol, TGs, F FAs, and hematocrit are obtained. On day 14 of dosing, samples for serum drug levels (2-h postdose) and glycosylated hemoglobin measurements are also collected. In addition, once weekly, three animals from each group are placed in metabolic chambers for 48 h for quantitation of 24-h food and water consumption. Body weights are recorded throughout the study. At the conclusion of the study, perfused pancreas experiments are performed on 12 animals (n = 4 per group) that have received either GW1929 (1 and 5 mg/kg) or vehicle, to directly evaluate the effects of treatment on basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The remaining animals are killed, and their pancreases are processed for immunocytochemistry[1].

References:
[1]. Brown KK, et al. A novel N-aryl tyrosine activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma reverses the diabetic phenotype of the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Diabetes. 1999 Jul;48(7):1415-24. [2]. Wojtowicz AK, et al. PPAR-γ agonist GW1929 but not antagonist GW9662 reduces TBBPA-induced neurotoxicity in primary neocortical cells. Neurotox Res. 2014 Apr;25(3):311-22.

GW1929 Dilution Calculator

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Preparing Stock Solutions of GW1929

1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 20 mg 25 mg
1 mM 2.0179 mL 10.0894 mL 20.1788 mL 40.3576 mL 50.447 mL
5 mM 0.4036 mL 2.0179 mL 4.0358 mL 8.0715 mL 10.0894 mL
10 mM 0.2018 mL 1.0089 mL 2.0179 mL 4.0358 mL 5.0447 mL
50 mM 0.0404 mL 0.2018 mL 0.4036 mL 0.8072 mL 1.0089 mL
100 mM 0.0202 mL 0.1009 mL 0.2018 mL 0.4036 mL 0.5045 mL
* Note: If you are in the process of experiment, it's necessary to make the dilution ratios of the samples. The dilution data above is only for reference. Normally, it's can get a better solubility within lower of Concentrations.

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Background on GW1929

IC50: 5.0 μM

GW1929 is a nonthiazolidinedione PPARγ agonist. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors with three isoforms: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ. Among these, PPARγ is highly expressed in various brain regions. A growing evidences have suggested that PPARγ play a key role in pathogenesis of cerebral IR injury

In vitro: GW1929 was tested on currents through L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC) in freshly isolated smooth muscle cells. Using Ba2+ as the charge carrier through VDCC, the IC50s for GW1929 and pioglitazone were determined to be 5.0 +/- 0.7 and 10.0 +/- 0.8 μM, respectively. GW1929 and pioglitazone were both effective on inhibiting VDCC and relaxing pressurized arteries, indicating the vasodilation of resistance arteries might be explained by the inhibition of calcium entry through VDCC [1].

In vivo: GW1929 treatment attenuated the neurological damage in focal cerebral IR injury significantly. In addition, the neuroprotective effects of GW1929 were found to be associated with significant reduction in the levels of MMP-9, COX-2, iNOS, TNFα and IL-6. Neuroprotective effects of GW1929 related with significant reduction in TUNEL positive cells in IR challenged brain [2].

Clinical trial: N/A

References:
[1] Heppner TJ,Bonev AD,Eckman DM,Gomez MF,Petkov GV,Nelson MT. Novel PPARgamma agonists GI 262570, GW 7845, GW 1929, and pioglitazone decrease calcium channel function and myogenic tone in rat mesenteric arteries. Pharmacology.2005 Jan;73(1):15-22.
[2] Kaundal RK,Sharma SS.  Ameliorative effects of GW1929, a nonthiazolidinedione PPARγ agonist, on inflammation and apoptosis in focal cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury. Curr Neurovasc Res.2011 Aug 1;8(3):236-45.

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References on GW1929

PPAR-gamma agonist GW1929 but not antagonist GW9662 reduces TBBPA-induced neurotoxicity in primary neocortical cells.[Pubmed:24132472]

Neurotox Res. 2014 Apr;25(3):311-22.

Tetrabromobisphenol A (2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dibromophenyl)propane; TBBPA) is a widely used brominated flame retardant. TBBPA induces neuronal damage, but the mechanism by which this occurs is largely unknown. We studied the possible involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) in TBBPA-induced apoptosis and toxicity in mouse primary neuronal cell cultures. TBBPA enhanced both, caspase-3 activity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in neocortical cells after 6 and 24 h of exposition. These data were supported at the cellular level with Hoechst 33342 staining. Immunoblot analyses showed that, compared with control cells, 10 muM TBBPA decreased the expression of PPAR-gamma protein in neocortical neurons after 1-24 h of exposure. Co-treatment with TBBPA and GW1929 inhibited the TBBPA-induced caspase-3 activity, apoptotic body formation, and LDH release as well as TBBPA-induced decrease in PPAR-gamma protein expression. Thus, our data support neuroprotective potential of PPAR-gamma agonists. The PPAR-gamma antagonist GW9662 prevented the TBBPA-induced decrease in PPAR-gamma protein level, but it potentiated TBBPA-induced apoptotic and neurotoxic effects, which suggest that the mechanism of TBBPA action in neuronal cells is not only PPAR-gamma-dependent. Therefore, further studies of the mechanism of TBBPA action in the nervous system are needed.

GW1929 inhibits alpha7 nAChR expression through PPARgamma-independent activation of p38 MAPK and inactivation of PI3-K/mTOR: The role of Egr-1.[Pubmed:24412748]

Cell Signal. 2014 Apr;26(4):730-9.

Studies demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) ligands reduce nicotine-induced non small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell growth through inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) mediated signaling pathways. However, the mechanisms by which PPARgamma ligands inhibited nAChR expression remain elucidated. Here, we show that GW1929, a synthetic PPARgamma ligand, not only inhibited but also antagonized the stimulatory effect of acetylcholine on NSCLC cell proliferation. Interestingly, GW1929 inhibited alpha7 nAChR expression, which was not blocked by GW9662, an antagonist of PPARgamma, or by PPARgamma siRNA, but was abrogated by the p38 MPAK inhibitor SB239063. GW1929 reduced the promoter activity of alpha7 nAChR and induced early growth response-1 (Egr-1) protein expression, which was overcame by SB239063, but enhanced by inhibitors of PI3-K and mTOR. Silencing of Egr-1 blocked, while overexpression of Egr-1 enhanced, the effect of GW1929 on alpha7 nAChR expression and promoter activity. Finally, GW1929 induced Egr-1 bound to specific DNA areas in the alpha7 nAChR gene promoter. Collectively, these results demonstrate that GW1929 not only inhibits but also antagonizes Ach-induced NSCLC cell growth by inhibition of alpha7 nAChR expression through PPARgamma-independent signals that are associated with activation of p38 MPAK and inactivation of PI3-K/mTOR, followed by inducing Egr-1 protein and Egr-1 binding activity in the alpha7 nAChR gene promoter. By downregulation of the alpha7 nAchR, GW1929 blocks cholinergic signaling and inhibits NSCLC cell growth.

GW1929: a nonthiazolidinedione PPARgamma agonist, ameliorates neurological damage in global cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury through reduction in inflammation and DNA fragmentation.[Pubmed:20833208]

Behav Brain Res. 2011 Jan 20;216(2):606-12.

Transient global cerebral ischemia results in acute neurodegeneration in selective brain areas. Global cerebral ischemic-reperfusion (IR) injury induced selective hippocampal damage results into various neurobehavioral deficits including spatial memory and learning deficiencies. In this study, we have investigated the protective effects of a nonthiazolidinedione PPARgamma agonist, N-(2-benzoylphenyl)-O-[2-(methyl-2-pyridinylamino)ethyl]-l-tyrosine (GW1929), against global cerebral IR injury induced neurobehavioral deficits and brain damage in gerbils. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion induced global cerebral ischemia in gerbils resulted in neurological deficits, hyperlocomotion, reduced response latency in passive avoidance test and hippocampal damage. Hippocampal neurodegeneration after cerebral IR injury was also associated with significant increase in iNOS and MMP-9 immunoreactivity along with TNFalpha and IL-6 levels. Massive apoptotic DNA fragmentation as evident from increased TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling)-positive cells was also observed in the CA1 hippocampal region of IR challenged gerbils. GW1929 treatment significantly ameliorated cerebral IR induced neurological symptoms, hyperlocomotion, cognitive deficits and hippocampal neuronal damage in CA1 hippocampus region in gerbils. Significant reduction in IR injury induced iNOS and MMP-9 immunoreactivity, TNFalpha and IL-6 levels and apoptotic DNA fragmentation was also observed with GW1929 treatment. Pioglitazone, thiazolidinedione PPARgamma agonist also exhibited similar effects on inflammatory parameters after global cerebral IR injury. In summary, this study demonstrates neuroprotective effects of GW1929 in global cerebral IR injury induced neurobehavioral deficits and brain pathology which may be attributed to reduced inflammation and apoptotic DNA fragmentation, suggesting therapeutic potential of PPARgamma agonists in cerebral IR injury.

Ameliorative effects of GW1929, a nonthiazolidinedione PPARgamma agonist, on inflammation and apoptosis in focal cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury.[Pubmed:21722092]

Curr Neurovasc Res. 2011 Aug 1;8(3):236-45.

PPARgamma agonist; 2-(Benzoylphenyl)-O-[2-(methyl-2-pyridinylamino) ethyl]-L-tyrosine (GW1929) in focal cerebral ischemic-reperfusion (IR) injury in rats. Focal cerebral IR injury resulted significant brain infarction and neurological deficits in rats. A significant increase in various inflammatory mediators like COX-2, iNOS, MMP-9, TNFalpha and IL-6 and massive apoptotic DNA fragmentation was also observed in the IR challenged brains. GW1929 treatment significantly attenuated the neurological damage in focal cerebral IR injury. Neuroprotective effects of GW1929 were found to be associated with significant reduction in the COX-2, iNOS, MMP-9, TNFalpha and IL-6 levels. Together, we have also evaluated the effects of Pioglitazone, a clinically available thiazolidinedione PPARgamma agonist, against focal cerebral IR injury. Like GW1929, Pioglitazone also showed beneficial effects in cerebral IR injury associated neurological damage but at the higher dose as compared to GW1929. Neuroprotective effects of PPARgamma agonists were found to be associated with significant reduction in TUNEL positive cells in IR challenged brain. In summary, these results suggested the neuroprotective potential of PPARgamma agonists in cerebral IR injury and these effects may be attributed to their anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic potential.

Description

GW1929 is a potent PPAR-γ agonist, with a pKi of 8.84 for human PPAR-γ, and pEC50s of 8.56 and 8.27 for human PPAR-γ and murine PPAR-γ, respectively.

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