Gallic acid

CAS# 149-91-7

Gallic acid

2D Structure

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Gallic acid

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Chemical Properties of Gallic acid

Cas No. 149-91-7 SDF Download SDF
PubChem ID 370 Appearance White powder
Formula C7H6O5 M.Wt 170.1
Type of Compound Phenols Storage Desiccate at -20°C
Synonyms 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid
Solubility DMSO : 100 mg/mL (587.82 mM; Need ultrasonic and warming)
Chemical Name 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid
SMILES C1=C(C=C(C(=C1O)O)O)C(=O)O
Standard InChIKey LNTHITQWFMADLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Standard InChI InChI=1S/C7H6O5/c8-4-1-3(7(11)12)2-5(9)6(4)10/h1-2,8-10H,(H,11,12)
General tips For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months.
We recommend that you prepare and use the solution on the same day. However, if the test schedule requires, the stock solutions can be prepared in advance, and the stock solution must be sealed and stored below -20℃. In general, the stock solution can be kept for several months.
Before use, we recommend that you leave the vial at room temperature for at least an hour before opening it.
About Packaging 1. The packaging of the product may be reversed during transportation, cause the high purity compounds to adhere to the neck or cap of the vial.Take the vail out of its packaging and shake gently until the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial.
2. For liquid products, please centrifuge at 500xg to gather the liquid to the bottom of the vial.
3. Try to avoid loss or contamination during the experiment.
Shipping Condition Packaging according to customer requirements(5mg, 10mg, 20mg and more). Ship via FedEx, DHL, UPS, EMS or other couriers with RT, or blue ice upon request.

Source of Gallic acid

1 Ailanthus sp. 2 Aleurites sp. 3 Alnus sp. 4 Arctostaphylos sp. 5 Bridelia sp. 6 Camellia sp. 7 Castanea sp. 8 Casuarina sp. 9 Cecropia sp. 10 Ceratonia sp. 11 Cornus sp. 12 Croton sp. 13 Cyamopsis sp. 14 Dionaea sp. 15 Emblica sp. 16 Eucalyptus sp. 17 Euphorbia sp. 18 Filipendula sp. 19 Flueggea sp. 20 Galium sp. 21 Geranium sp. 22 Haematoxylum sp. 23 Hamamelis sp. 24 Humulus sp. 25 Joannisea sp. 26 Myrtus sp. 27 Oenothera sp. 28 Ononis sp. 29 Persicaria sp. 30 Phyllanthus sp. 31 Pistacia sp. 32 Polygonum sp. 33 Potentilla sp. 34 Punica sp. 35 Putranjiva sp. 36 Quercus sp. 37 Quillaja sp. 38 Rheum sp. 39 Rhododendron sp. 40 Rhus sp. 41 Ricinus sp. 42 Sanguisorba sp. 43 Shorea sp. 44 Syzygium sp. 45 Terminalia sp. 46 Tilia sp. 47 Tussilago sp.

Biological Activity of Gallic acid

DescriptionGallic acid, is a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor and a potent inhibitor of brush border sucrase and other disaccharidases, which has powerful antioxidant, anti-tumor, and anti-tyrosinase activities. It can potentially interfere with the digestive functions of the intestine. It can efficiently block neuronal cell death by downregulating the expression of cytokines and the in vivo levels of NF-κB acetylation, is a possible therapeutic approach for alleviating the inflammatory progression of Alzheimer disease.
TargetsNF-kB | Beta Amyloid | Tyrosinase
In vitro

Antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of ascorbic acid and gallic acid[Reference: WebLink]

Food Chem., 2002, 79(3):307-13.

The antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of ascorbic acid (AA) and Gallic acid (GA) were investigated.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
AA and GA, at a concentration of 1.65 mM, accelerate the oxidation of deoxyribose induced by Fe3+–EDTAJH2O2. The reducing power of these two compounds increased upon increasing the concentration. AA and GA showed no chelating ability toward iron (II). At a concentration of 4.17 mM, AA and GA exhibited 42.1 and 43.9% scavenging effects on DPPH radicals, respectively. They exhibited 60% scavenging effects on hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 4.17 mM. No toxicity was found in AA and GA toward human lymphocytes. AA, at 0.82 mM, and GA, at 0.6 mM, exhibited the maximal DNA damage, the means of tail DNA% were 14.8 and 28.8%, respectively. When AA and GA were mixed with H2O2, they exhibited a slight inhibitory effect on DNA damage induced by H2O2 on pre-incubating both the compounds with human lymphocytes for 30 min before exposure to H2O2.
CONCLUSIONS:
The antioxidant activities of AA and GA at a higher concentration were mainly due to the scavenging of hydrogen peroxide in this system. The pro-oxidant mechanism for AA and GA acid is most likely due to the strong reducing power and weak metalchelating ability.

Antimelanogenic and antioxidant properties of gallic acid.[Pubmed: 17541153]

Biol Pharm Bull. 2007 Jun;30(6):1052-5.

To find novel skin-whitening agents, the melanogenesis inhibitory action of Gallic acid (GA) was investigated.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In this current study, the effects of GA on mushroom tyrosinase, tyrosinase inhibitory activity, and melanin content were assessed in B16 melanoma cells (B16 cells). Results indicated that GA has a strong antityrosinase activity (IC50=3.59x10(-6) M). Furthermore, data on murine tyrosinase activity and melanin biosynthesis revealed that GA effectively suppressed murine tyrosinase action and the amount of melanin. To investigate the relation between GA's inhibition of melanogenesis and antioxidant activity, the effect of GA on reactive species (RS) generation and the reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio in were determined in B16 cells. Results indicated that GA effectively down-regulated the RS generation and enhanced the GSH/GSSG ratio.
CONCLUSIONS:
Based on these results, I propose that GA exerts antimelanogenic activity coupled with antioxidant properties by suppressing RS generation and maintaining a higher GSH/GSSG ratio.

In vivo

Gallic acid inhibits brush border disaccharidases in mammalian intestine.[Reference: WebLink]

Nut. Res., 2007, 27(4):230-5.

Intestinal epithelium constitutes the primary target tissue for interaction with dietary micronutrients. The objective of this study was to determine if Gallic acid, a polyphenol that is an important constituent of various edible plant-based foods, affects brush border disaccharidases in mammalian intestine.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In this investigation, we found that 0.05 to 0.6 mmol/L Gallic acid inhibited sucrase activity by 34% to 86%. Optimum enzyme inhibition was observed at 0.4-mmol/L Gallic acid concentration, which was 82% in the rat, 83% in LACA/L mice, 50% in BALB/c mice, and 28% in rabbit intestine. The observed enzyme inhibition was reversible in rat intestines. Gallic acid also depressed the activities of maltase (42%), trehalase (45%), and lactase (13%) in the rat. Inhibition of sucrase activity by Gallic acid was mainly between pH 4.8 to 7.2, whereas at alkaline pH (7.7-8.5), Gallic acid stimulated enzyme activity by 20% to 30% in both rat and rabbit intestines. Kinetic analysis revealed that Gallic acid was a fully competitive inhibitor of rat sucrase at pH 5.5 and 6.8. The effect of Gallic acid together with various -SH group–reacting reagents showed that the observed inhibition was additive in nature. Similar results were obtained in the presence of 0.4 mmol/L Gallic acid and 4 mmol/L harmaline, a plant alkaloid.
CONCLUSIONS:
These findings suggest that Gallic acid is a potent inhibitor of brush border sucrase and other disaccharidases and thus could potentially interfere with the digestive functions of the intestine.

Anti-tumor effect of gallic acid on LL-2 lung cancer cells transplanted in mice.[Pubmed: 11707653]

Anticancer Drugs. 2001 Nov;12(10):847-52.

We previously reported that Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid), a naturally occurring plant phenol, can induce apoptosis in four kinds of human lung cancer cell lines in vitro. The present study further investigated the in vivo anti-tumor effects of orally administered Gallic acid.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Gallic acid reduced cell viability of LL-2 mouse lung cancer cells in vitro dose dependently, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of around 200 microM. C57Black mice were transplanted with LL-2 cells, and administered Gallic acid (1 mg/ml in drinking water, ad libitum) and/or cisplatin (4 mg/kg i.p. injection, once a week). The average weight of the transplanted tumors, obtained at 29 days after transplantation, in the mice of control, Gallic acid-treated cisplatin-treated and cisplatin plus Gallic acid-treated groups was 4.02, 3.65, 3.19 and 1.72 g, respectively. The average tumor weight of the mice treated with cisplatin combined with Gallic acid was significantly smaller than that of the control group (p<0.05). The amount of apoptotic cells in the tumor tissues of mice treated with Gallic acid and/or cisplatin was significantly higher than those of the control mice. Combination of Gallic acid and cisplatin increased the tumor cell apoptosis compared with the treatment with cisplatin alone.
CONCLUSIONS:
The present findings suggest that the combination of Gallic acid with an anti-cancer drug, including cisplatin, may be an effective protocol for lung cancer therapy.

Protocol of Gallic acid

Cell Research

Radical intensity and cytotoxic activity of curcumin and gallic acid.[Pubmed: 9858929]

Anticancer Res. 1998 Sep-Oct;18(5A):3487-91.

Natural phenolic compounds, curcumin and Gallic acid, were compared for their cytotoxic activity in relation to their radical modulating activity.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
These two compounds induced apoptotic cell death in human promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cells and human oral squamous carcinoma HSC-4 cells. Curcumin was more cytotoxic than Gallic acid. Catalase reduced significantly the cytotoxic activity of Gallic acid, but not that of curcumin. ESR spectroscopy demonstrated that curcumin produced radicals under alkaline conditions, scavenged the superoxide anion radical, and enhanced the radical intensity of sodium ascorbate at higher concentrations. As compared with curcumin, Gallic acid produced higher amounts of radicals and more efficiently scavenged the superoxide anion radical. Gallic acid reduced the radical intensity of sodium ascorbate, suggesting a possible interaction between these two compounds.
CONCLUSIONS:
These data suggest that curcumin and Gallic acid induce apoptosis by different mechanisms.

Animal Research

Gallic acid, a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, suppresses β-amyloid neurotoxicity by inhibiting microglial-mediated neuroinflammation.[Pubmed: 22038937]

Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011 Dec;55(12):1798-808.

We examined the biological effect of Gallic acid (GA) as a nuclear factor (NF)-κB acetyltransferase inhibitor on microglial-mediated β-amyloid neurotoxicity and restorative effects on the Aβ-induced cognitive dysfunction.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The protective effects of GA on the survival of neuronal cells were assessed with an MTT assay and a co-culture system. For the co-culture experiments, both BV-2 and primary microglia cells were treated with GA prior to Aβ stimulation, and conditioned media were transferred to Neuro-2A cells. The mRNA and protein levels of inflammatory cytokines in both microglia and Neuro-2A cells were assessed with real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) acetylation with GA treatment resulted in reduced cytokine production in microglia cells and protection of neuronal cells from Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, we observed a restorative effect of GA on Aβ-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice with Y-maze and passive avoidance tests. Finally, we found that GA treatment efficiently blocked neuronal cell death by downregulating the expression of cytokines and the in vivo levels of NF-κB acetylation.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results suggest that selective inhibition of NF-κB acetylation by the histone acetyltransferase inhibitor GA is a possible therapeutic approach for alleviating the inflammatory progression of Alzheimer disease.

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Preparing Stock Solutions of Gallic acid

1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 20 mg 25 mg
1 mM 5.8789 mL 29.3945 mL 58.7889 mL 117.5779 mL 146.9724 mL
5 mM 1.1758 mL 5.8789 mL 11.7578 mL 23.5156 mL 29.3945 mL
10 mM 0.5879 mL 2.9394 mL 5.8789 mL 11.7578 mL 14.6972 mL
50 mM 0.1176 mL 0.5879 mL 1.1758 mL 2.3516 mL 2.9394 mL
100 mM 0.0588 mL 0.2939 mL 0.5879 mL 1.1758 mL 1.4697 mL
* Note: If you are in the process of experiment, it's necessary to make the dilution ratios of the samples. The dilution data above is only for reference. Normally, it's can get a better solubility within lower of Concentrations.

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References on Gallic acid

Anti-tumor effect of gallic acid on LL-2 lung cancer cells transplanted in mice.[Pubmed:11707653]

Anticancer Drugs. 2001 Nov;12(10):847-52.

We previously reported that Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid), a naturally occurring plant phenol, can induce apoptosis in four kinds of human lung cancer cell lines in vitro. The present study further investigated the in vivo anti-tumor effects of orally administered Gallic acid. Gallic acid reduced cell viability of LL-2 mouse lung cancer cells in vitro dose dependently, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of around 200 microM. C57Black mice were transplanted with LL-2 cells, and administered Gallic acid (1 mg/ml in drinking water, ad libitum) and/or cisplatin (4 mg/kg i.p. injection, once a week). The average weight of the transplanted tumors, obtained at 29 days after transplantation, in the mice of control, Gallic acid-treated cisplatin-treated and cisplatin plus Gallic acid-treated groups was 4.02, 3.65, 3.19 and 1.72 g, respectively. The average tumor weight of the mice treated with cisplatin combined with Gallic acid was significantly smaller than that of the control group (p<0.05). The amount of apoptotic cells in the tumor tissues of mice treated with Gallic acid and/or cisplatin was significantly higher than those of the control mice. Combination of Gallic acid and cisplatin increased the tumor cell apoptosis compared with the treatment with cisplatin alone. The present findings suggest that the combination of Gallic acid with an anti-cancer drug, including cisplatin, may be an effective protocol for lung cancer therapy.

Gallic acid, a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, suppresses beta-amyloid neurotoxicity by inhibiting microglial-mediated neuroinflammation.[Pubmed:22038937]

Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011 Dec;55(12):1798-808.

SCOPE: We examined the biological effect of Gallic acid (GA) as a nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB acetyltransferase inhibitor on microglial-mediated beta-amyloid neurotoxicity and restorative effects on the Abeta-induced cognitive dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS: The protective effects of GA on the survival of neuronal cells were assessed with an MTT assay and a co-culture system. For the co-culture experiments, both BV-2 and primary microglia cells were treated with GA prior to Abeta stimulation, and conditioned media were transferred to Neuro-2A cells. The mRNA and protein levels of inflammatory cytokines in both microglia and Neuro-2A cells were assessed with real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) acetylation with GA treatment resulted in reduced cytokine production in microglia cells and protection of neuronal cells from Abeta-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, we observed a restorative effect of GA on Abeta-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice with Y-maze and passive avoidance tests. Finally, we found that GA treatment efficiently blocked neuronal cell death by downregulating the expression of cytokines and the in vivo levels of NF-kappaB acetylation. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that selective inhibition of NF-kappaB acetylation by the histone acetyltransferase inhibitor GA is a possible therapeutic approach for alleviating the inflammatory progression of Alzheimer disease.

Radical intensity and cytotoxic activity of curcumin and gallic acid.[Pubmed:9858929]

Anticancer Res. 1998 Sep-Oct;18(5A):3487-91.

Natural phenolic compounds, curcumin and Gallic acid, were compared for their cytotoxic activity in relation to their radical modulating activity. These two compounds induced apoptotic cell death in human promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cells and human oral squamous carcinoma HSC-4 cells. Curcumin was more cytotoxic than Gallic acid. Catalase reduced significantly the cytotoxic activity of Gallic acid, but not that of curcumin. ESR spectroscopy demonstrated that curcumin produced radicals under alkaline conditions, scavenged the superoxide anion radical, and enhanced the radical intensity of sodium ascorbate at higher concentrations. As compared with curcumin, Gallic acid produced higher amounts of radicals and more efficiently scavenged the superoxide anion radical. Gallic acid reduced the radical intensity of sodium ascorbate, suggesting a possible interaction between these two compounds. These data suggest that curcumin and Gallic acid induce apoptosis by different mechanisms.

Antimelanogenic and antioxidant properties of gallic acid.[Pubmed:17541153]

Biol Pharm Bull. 2007 Jun;30(6):1052-5.

To find novel skin-whitening agents, the melanogenesis inhibitory action of Gallic acid (GA) was investigated. In this current study, the effects of GA on mushroom tyrosinase, tyrosinase inhibitory activity, and melanin content were assessed in B16 melanoma cells (B16 cells). Results indicated that GA has a strong antityrosinase activity (IC50=3.59x10(-6) M). Furthermore, data on murine tyrosinase activity and melanin biosynthesis revealed that GA effectively suppressed murine tyrosinase action and the amount of melanin. To investigate the relation between GA's inhibition of melanogenesis and antioxidant activity, the effect of GA on reactive species (RS) generation and the reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio in were determined in B16 cells. Results indicated that GA effectively down-regulated the RS generation and enhanced the GSH/GSSG ratio. Based on these results, I propose that GA exerts antimelanogenic activity coupled with antioxidant properties by suppressing RS generation and maintaining a higher GSH/GSSG ratio.

Description

Gallic acid is an antioxidant which can inhibit both COX-2.

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