Nomilin

CAS# 1063-77-0

Nomilin

Catalog No. BCN1034----Order now to get a substantial discount!

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Quality Control of Nomilin

Number of papers citing our products

Chemical structure

Nomilin

3D structure

Chemical Properties of Nomilin

Cas No. 1063-77-0 SDF Download SDF
PubChem ID 72320 Appearance White powder
Formula C28H34O9 M.Wt 514.56
Type of Compound Triterpenoids Storage Desiccate at -20°C
Solubility Soluble in acetone; slightly soluble in methanol; insoluble in water
SMILES CC(=O)OC1CC(=O)OC(C2C1(C3CCC4(C(OC(=O)C5C4(C3(C(=O)C2)C)O5)C6=COC=C6)C)C)(C)C
Standard InChIKey KPDOJFFZKAUIOE-WNGDLQANSA-N
Standard InChI InChI=1S/C28H34O9/c1-14(29)34-19-12-20(31)36-24(2,3)17-11-18(30)27(6)16(26(17,19)5)7-9-25(4)21(15-8-10-33-13-15)35-23(32)22-28(25,27)37-22/h8,10,13,16-17,19,21-22H,7,9,11-12H2,1-6H3/t16-,17+,19+,21+,22-,25+,26-,27+,28-/m1/s1
General tips For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months.
We recommend that you prepare and use the solution on the same day. However, if the test schedule requires, the stock solutions can be prepared in advance, and the stock solution must be sealed and stored below -20℃. In general, the stock solution can be kept for several months.
Before use, we recommend that you leave the vial at room temperature for at least an hour before opening it.
About Packaging 1. The packaging of the product may be reversed during transportation, cause the high purity compounds to adhere to the neck or cap of the vial.Take the vail out of its packaging and shake gently until the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial.
2. For liquid products, please centrifuge at 500xg to gather the liquid to the bottom of the vial.
3. Try to avoid loss or contamination during the experiment.
Shipping Condition Packaging according to customer requirements(5mg, 10mg, 20mg and more). Ship via FedEx, DHL, UPS, EMS or other couriers with RT, or blue ice upon request.

Source of Nomilin

The fruits of Citrus reticulata Blanco.

Biological Activity of Nomilin

DescriptionNomilin has immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-human immunodeficiency virus(HIV), cancer chemopreventive, antiangiogenic, anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic effects. Nomilin inhibits tumor-specific angiogenesis by downregulating VEGF, NO and proinflammatory cytokine profile and also by inhibiting the activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9. It inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro by suppression of NFATc1 and MAPK signaling pathways, indicates that nomilin-containing herbal preparations have potential utility for the prevention of bone metabolic diseases.
TargetsTNF-α | NO | IL Receptor | VEGFR | MMP(e.g.TIMP) | p53 | Caspase | p21 | Bcl-2/Bax | HIV
In vitro

Contents and antioxidant capacity of limonin and nomilin in different tissues of citrus fruit of four cultivars during fruit growth and maturation.[Reference: WebLink]

Food Chemistry, 2005, 93(4):599-605.


METHODS AND RESULTS:
The contents of limonin and Nomilin in different fruit tissues of Foxiangyou (Citrus grandis), Citrus unshiu, Penggan (Citrus reticulata) and Huyou (Citrus changshanensis KS Chen et CX Fu) were measured during fruit growth and maturation by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography). Results showed that limonin and Nomilin were the predominant limonoids in the extracted samples. During fruit growth and maturation, the contents of limonin and Nomilin increased from April, peaked in early September and decreased afterwards until late October when they reached a steady low level. The antioxidant capacities of limonin and Nomilin in the four tissues of mature fruit were determined by beta-carotene bleaching assay.
CONCLUSIONS:
The results showed that the antioxidant capacities of limonin and Nomilin varied in different tissues and cultivars. In the three tissues other than albedo, the antioxidant capacities of limonin and Nomilin were high (2.9-8.3 times than that of vitamine C).

Effect of limonin and nomilin on HIV-1 replication on infected human mononuclear cells.[Pubmed: 14648393 ]

Planta Med. 2003 Oct;69(10):910-3.

In the last years several plant-derived natural compounds have been screened for their anti-HIV activity in order to find lead compounds with novel structures or mechanisms of action. Among these, several triterpenoids have been found to exhibit an antiretroviral activity with different mechanisms of action.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In this study the effect of two limonoids, limonin and Nomilin, on the growth of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in culture of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and on monocytes/macrophages (M/M) is described. Limonin and Nomilin were found to inhibit the HIV-1 replication in all cellular systems used. A dose-dependent inhibition of viral replication was observed in PBMC isolated from healthy donors and infected with HIV-1 strain after incubation with limonin and Nomilin (EC (50) values: 60.0 microM and 52.2 microM, respectively). The two terpenoids inhibited at all concentrations studied the production of HIV-p24 antigen even when the PBMC employed were chronically infected (EC (50) values of 61.0 microM for limonin and 76.2 microM for Nomilin). Moreover, these compounds inhibited the HIV-1 replication even in infected M/M. In this cellular system the inhibitory effect was significant at the concentrations of 20 microM, 40 microM and 80 microM starting from day 14 and reached the maximum effect after 18 days of incubation. As regards the mechanism of action, limonin and Nomilin inhibit in vitro HIV-1 protease activity.
CONCLUSIONS:
In general, the results obtained point out a similar anti-HIV activity of limonin and Nomilin indicating that this activity is not drastically influenced by the structural difference between the two compounds.

In vivo

Anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic effects of the dietary citrus limonoid nomilin in mice fed a high-fat diet.[Pubmed: 21693102]

Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Jul 8;410(3):677-81.

TGR5 is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family and is activated by bile acids (BAs). TGR5 is thought to be a promising drug target for metabolic diseases because the activation of TGR5 prevents obesity and hyperglycemia in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD).
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In the present study, we identified a naturally occurring limonoid, Nomilin, as an activator of TGR5. Unlike BAs, Nomilin did not exhibit the farnesoid X receptor ligand activity. Although the Nomilin derivative obacunone was capable of activating TGR5, limonin (the most abundant limonoid in citrus seeds) was not a TGR5 activator. When male C57BL/6J mice fed a HFD for 9 weeks were further fed a HFD either alone or supplemented with 0.2%w/w Nomilin for 77 days, Nomilin-treated mice had lower body weight, serum glucose, serum insulin, and enhanced glucose tolerance.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our results suggest a novel biological function of Nomilin as an agent having anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic effects that are likely to be mediated through the activation of TGR5.

Limonin and Nomilin Inhibitory Effects on Chemical-Induced Tumorigenesis.[Reference: WebLink]

Acs Symposium, 2000, 758:185-200.

The increased enzyme activity was correlated with the ability of these compounds to inhibit carcinogenesis.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Nomilin was found to reduce the incidence and number of tumors per mouse of forestomach tumors induced by benzo[a]pyrene (BP). Topical application of the limonoids was found to inhibit both the initiation and the promotion phases of carcinogenesis in the skin of SENCAR mice. Nomilin appeared to be more effective at the initiation stage while limonin was more potent as an inhibitor at the promotion phase of carcinogenesis. Administration of Nomilin and limonin to the diet or by gavage inhibited BP-induced and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-l-(3-pyridyl)-l-butanone-induced lung tumor formations, respectively, in A/J mice.
CONCLUSIONS:
These findings suggest citrus limonoids are potential cancer chemopreventive agents.

Protocol of Nomilin

Kinase Assay

Nomilin inhibits metastasis via induction of apoptosis and regulates the activation of transcription factors and the cytokine profile in B16F-10 cells.[Pubmed: 21665879]

Nomilin inhibits tumor-specific angiogenesis by downregulating VEGF, NO and proinflammatory cytokine profile and also by inhibiting the activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9.[Pubmed: 21839074]

Nomilin as an anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic agent.[Pubmed: 23374727]

Vitam Horm. 2013;91:425-39.


METHODS AND RESULTS:
Recent scientific findings support the notion that bile acids, which are cholesterol catabolites, are bioactive signaling molecules that function as ligands for the farnesoid X receptor or a G-protein-coupled receptor, TGR5. Through these receptors, bile acids can maintain not only bile acid homeostasis but also lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis. An intriguing finding regarding the role of TGR5 in energy metabolism and glucose homeostasis suggests a potential approach to combat obesity and insulin resistance by targeting this receptor to increase thermogenesis and incretin secretion.
CONCLUSIONS:
In this review, I have summarized the latest findings related to TGR5 agonists, in particular, a citrus limonoid, Nomilin, and the roles of these agonists in energy metabolism and glucose homeostasis.

Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 Oct 15;668(3):450-8.

Angiogenesis is a crucial step in the growth and metastasis of cancers. Antiangiogenic activity of Nomilin was studied using in vivo as well as in vitro models.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Nomilin significantly inhibited tumor directed capillary formation. Serum proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and GM-CSF and also serum NO levels were significantly reduced by the treatment of Nomilin. Administration of Nomilin significantly reduced the serum level of VEGF, a proangiogenic factor and increased the antiangiogenic factors IL-2 and TIMP-1. In vitro studies using rat aortic ring assay showed that administration of Nomilin at non-toxic concentrations significantly inhibited microvessel sprouting. Studies using human umbilical vein endothelial cells clearly demonstrated that administration of Nomilin significantly retarded endothelial cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation.
CONCLUSIONS:
These data clearly demonstrate the antiangiogenic potential of Nomilin by downregulating the activation of MMPs, production of VEGF, NO and proinflammatory cytokines as well as upregulating IL-2 and TIMP.

Integr Cancer Ther. 2012 Mar;11(1):48-60.

Nomilin is a triterpenoid present in common edible citrus fruits with putative anticancer properties.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In this study, the authors investigated the antimetastatic potential of Nomilin and its possible mechanism of action. Metastasis was induced in C57BL/6 mice through the lateral tail vein using highly metastatic B16F-10 melanoma cells. Administration of Nomilin inhibited tumor nodule formation in the lungs (68%) and markedly increased the survival rate of the metastatic tumor-bearing animals. These results correlated with the biochemical parameters and histopathological analysis. Nomilin showed an inhibition of tumor cell invasion and activation of matrix metalloproteinases. Treatment with Nomilin induced apoptotic response, characterized by an increase in the sub-G1 fraction of cells with chromatin condensation and membrane blebbing, a typical ladder of DNA fragmentation, and detection of apoptotic cells by TUNEL assay. Nomilin treatment also exhibited a downregulated Bcl-2 and cyclin-D1 expression and upregulated p53, Bax, caspase-9, caspase-3, p21, and p27 gene expression in B16F-10 cells. Proinflammatory cytokine production and gene expression were found to be downregulated in Nomilin-treated cells.
CONCLUSIONS:
The study also reveals that Nomilin could inhibit the activation and nuclear translocation of antiapoptotic transcription factors such as nuclear factor (NF)-κB, CREB, and ATF-2 in B16F-10 cells.

Cell Research

Effect of naturally occurring triterpenoids glycyrrhizic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and nomilin on the immune system.[Pubmed: 13678231 ]

Phytomedicine. 2003;10(6-7):483-9.


METHODS AND RESULTS:
The effect of naturally occurring triterpenoid compounds such as glycyrrhizic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, and Nomilin on the immune system was studied using Balb/c mice. Intraperitoneal treatments with 5 doses of these terpenoid compounds were found to enhance the total white blood cells (WBC) count. In ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and Nomilin treated animals the maximum total WBC count was observed on the 6th day, while in glycyrrhizic acid treated animals it was observed only on the 9th day after the drug treatment. In ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and Nomilin treated animals the percentage of increase in the total WBC count was to 91.48 +/- 4.6%, 135.75 +/- 6.4% and 117.33 +/- 17.9% respectively. In the glycyrrhizic acid treated animals the total WBC count was increased to 114.9 +/- 18%. Bone marrow cellularity and alpha-esterase positive cells were also enhanced by the treatment with these terpenoids. Treatment with various triterpenoids along with antigen produced an enhancement in the specific antibody titre and the number of plaque forming cells (PFC) in the spleen. Triterpenoids remarkably inhibited delayed type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH).
CONCLUSIONS:
These results indicate the immunomodulatory activity of naturally occurring triterpenoids such as glycyrrhizic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and Nomilin.

Nomilin Dilution Calculator

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Preparing Stock Solutions of Nomilin

1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 20 mg 25 mg
1 mM 1.9434 mL 9.717 mL 19.4341 mL 38.8682 mL 48.5852 mL
5 mM 0.3887 mL 1.9434 mL 3.8868 mL 7.7736 mL 9.717 mL
10 mM 0.1943 mL 0.9717 mL 1.9434 mL 3.8868 mL 4.8585 mL
50 mM 0.0389 mL 0.1943 mL 0.3887 mL 0.7774 mL 0.9717 mL
100 mM 0.0194 mL 0.0972 mL 0.1943 mL 0.3887 mL 0.4859 mL
* Note: If you are in the process of experiment, it's necessary to make the dilution ratios of the samples. The dilution data above is only for reference. Normally, it's can get a better solubility within lower of Concentrations.

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References on Nomilin

Nomilin as an anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic agent.[Pubmed:23374727]

Vitam Horm. 2013;91:425-39.

Recent scientific findings support the notion that bile acids, which are cholesterol catabolites, are bioactive signaling molecules that function as ligands for the farnesoid X receptor or a G-protein-coupled receptor, TGR5. Through these receptors, bile acids can maintain not only bile acid homeostasis but also lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis. An intriguing finding regarding the role of TGR5 in energy metabolism and glucose homeostasis suggests a potential approach to combat obesity and insulin resistance by targeting this receptor to increase thermogenesis and incretin secretion. In this review, I have summarized the latest findings related to TGR5 agonists, in particular, a citrus limonoid, Nomilin, and the roles of these agonists in energy metabolism and glucose homeostasis.

Anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic effects of the dietary citrus limonoid nomilin in mice fed a high-fat diet.[Pubmed:21693102]

Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Jul 8;410(3):677-81.

TGR5 is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family and is activated by bile acids (BAs). TGR5 is thought to be a promising drug target for metabolic diseases because the activation of TGR5 prevents obesity and hyperglycemia in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). In the present study, we identified a naturally occurring limonoid, Nomilin, as an activator of TGR5. Unlike BAs, Nomilin did not exhibit the farnesoid X receptor ligand activity. Although the Nomilin derivative obacunone was capable of activating TGR5, limonin (the most abundant limonoid in citrus seeds) was not a TGR5 activator. When male C57BL/6J mice fed a HFD for 9 weeks were further fed a HFD either alone or supplemented with 0.2%w/w Nomilin for 77 days, Nomilin-treated mice had lower body weight, serum glucose, serum insulin, and enhanced glucose tolerance. Our results suggest a novel biological function of Nomilin as an agent having anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic effects that are likely to be mediated through the activation of TGR5.

Effect of limonin and nomilin on HIV-1 replication on infected human mononuclear cells.[Pubmed:14648393]

Planta Med. 2003 Oct;69(10):910-3.

In the last years several plant-derived natural compounds have been screened for their anti-HIV activity in order to find lead compounds with novel structures or mechanisms of action. Among these, several triterpenoids have been found to exhibit an antiretroviral activity with different mechanisms of action. In this study the effect of two limonoids, limonin and Nomilin, on the growth of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in culture of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and on monocytes/macrophages (M/M) is described. Limonin and Nomilin were found to inhibit the HIV-1 replication in all cellular systems used. A dose-dependent inhibition of viral replication was observed in PBMC isolated from healthy donors and infected with HIV-1 strain after incubation with limonin and Nomilin (EC (50) values: 60.0 microM and 52.2 microM, respectively). The two terpenoids inhibited at all concentrations studied the production of HIV-p24 antigen even when the PBMC employed were chronically infected (EC (50) values of 61.0 microM for limonin and 76.2 microM for Nomilin). Moreover, these compounds inhibited the HIV-1 replication even in infected M/M. In this cellular system the inhibitory effect was significant at the concentrations of 20 microM, 40 microM and 80 microM starting from day 14 and reached the maximum effect after 18 days of incubation. As regards the mechanism of action, limonin and Nomilin inhibit in vitro HIV-1 protease activity. In general, the results obtained point out a similar anti-HIV activity of limonin and Nomilin indicating that this activity is not drastically influenced by the structural difference between the two compounds.

Effect of naturally occurring triterpenoids glycyrrhizic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and nomilin on the immune system.[Pubmed:13678231]

Phytomedicine. 2003;10(6-7):483-9.

The effect of naturally occurring triterpenoid compounds such as glycyrrhizic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, and Nomilin on the immune system was studied using Balb/c mice. Intraperitoneal treatments with 5 doses of these terpenoid compounds were found to enhance the total white blood cells (WBC) count. In ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and Nomilin treated animals the maximum total WBC count was observed on the 6th day, while in glycyrrhizic acid treated animals it was observed only on the 9th day after the drug treatment. In ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and Nomilin treated animals the percentage of increase in the total WBC count was to 91.48 +/- 4.6%, 135.75 +/- 6.4% and 117.33 +/- 17.9% respectively. In the glycyrrhizic acid treated animals the total WBC count was increased to 114.9 +/- 18%. Bone marrow cellularity and alpha-esterase positive cells were also enhanced by the treatment with these terpenoids. Treatment with various triterpenoids along with antigen produced an enhancement in the specific antibody titre and the number of plaque forming cells (PFC) in the spleen. Triterpenoids remarkably inhibited delayed type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH). These results indicate the immunomodulatory activity of naturally occurring triterpenoids such as glycyrrhizic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and Nomilin.

Nomilin inhibits tumor-specific angiogenesis by downregulating VEGF, NO and proinflammatory cytokine profile and also by inhibiting the activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9.[Pubmed:21839074]

Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 Oct 15;668(3):450-8.

Angiogenesis is a crucial step in the growth and metastasis of cancers. Antiangiogenic activity of Nomilin was studied using in vivo as well as in vitro models. Nomilin significantly inhibited tumor directed capillary formation. Serum proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and GM-CSF and also serum NO levels were significantly reduced by the treatment of Nomilin. Administration of Nomilin significantly reduced the serum level of VEGF, a proangiogenic factor and increased the antiangiogenic factors IL-2 and TIMP-1. In vitro studies using rat aortic ring assay showed that administration of Nomilin at non-toxic concentrations significantly inhibited microvessel sprouting. Studies using human umbilical vein endothelial cells clearly demonstrated that administration of Nomilin significantly retarded endothelial cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation. These data clearly demonstrate the antiangiogenic potential of Nomilin by downregulating the activation of MMPs, production of VEGF, NO and proinflammatory cytokines as well as upregulating IL-2 and TIMP.

Nomilin inhibits metastasis via induction of apoptosis and regulates the activation of transcription factors and the cytokine profile in B16F-10 cells.[Pubmed:21665879]

Integr Cancer Ther. 2012 Mar;11(1):48-60.

Nomilin is a triterpenoid present in common edible citrus fruits with putative anticancer properties. In this study, the authors investigated the antimetastatic potential of Nomilin and its possible mechanism of action. Metastasis was induced in C57BL/6 mice through the lateral tail vein using highly metastatic B16F-10 melanoma cells. Administration of Nomilin inhibited tumor nodule formation in the lungs (68%) and markedly increased the survival rate of the metastatic tumor-bearing animals. These results correlated with the biochemical parameters and histopathological analysis. Nomilin showed an inhibition of tumor cell invasion and activation of matrix metalloproteinases. Treatment with Nomilin induced apoptotic response, characterized by an increase in the sub-G1 fraction of cells with chromatin condensation and membrane blebbing, a typical ladder of DNA fragmentation, and detection of apoptotic cells by TUNEL assay. Nomilin treatment also exhibited a downregulated Bcl-2 and cyclin-D1 expression and upregulated p53, Bax, caspase-9, caspase-3, p21, and p27 gene expression in B16F-10 cells. Proinflammatory cytokine production and gene expression were found to be downregulated in Nomilin-treated cells. The study also reveals that Nomilin could inhibit the activation and nuclear translocation of antiapoptotic transcription factors such as nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, CREB, and ATF-2 in B16F-10 cells.

Description

Nomilin is a limonoid compound obtained from the extracts of citrus fruits. Nomilin is an anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic agent .

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