PP121

PP121 is a dual inhibitor of tyrosine and phosphoinositide kinases [1].

PP121 is found to inhibit both tyrosine kinases and PI3-Ks but not serine-threonine kinases. It potently inhibits p110α, p110β, p110γ, p110δ, DNA-PK and mTOR with IC50 values of 52nM, 1.4μM, 1.1μM, 150nM, 60nM and 10nM, respectively. For the tyrosine kinases, PP121 shows inhibition with IC50 values of 21nM, 4nM, 10nM,55nM, 550nM, 220nM and <1nM for Ab1, Hck, Src, VEGFR2, EGFR, EphB4 and PDGFR, respectively [1].

In cells, PP121 can reverse v-Src mediated cellular transformation and restore actin stress fiber staining. PP121 also potently inhibits the mutant Ret kinase with IC50 value less than 1nM in thyroid tumors34. Furthermore, PP121 is found to evade drug resistance through redundantly targeting Bcr-Abl mediated cell survival and PI3-K/mTOR mediated cell proliferation [1].

References:
[1] Apsel B, Blair J A, Gonzalez B, et al. Targeted polypharmacology: discovery of dual inhibitors of tyrosine and phosphoinositide kinases. Nature chemical biology, 2008, 4(11): 691-699.

PP121, a dual inhibitor of tyrosine and phosphoinositide kinases, inhibits anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell proliferation and migration.[Pubmed:24867098]

Tumour Biol. 2014 Sep;35(9):8659-64.

The tyrosine and phosphoinositide kinases play crucial roles in the regulation of many cancer cell processes including cell survival and cell motility. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare and deadly type of thyroid cancer, and so far, there are no effective therapeutic compounds for ATC. Herein, we investigate the anticancer activities of PP121, a dual inhibitor of tyrosine and phosphoinositide kinases, in ATC therapy. We found that PP121 is effective at suppressing cell viability, inducing cell apoptosis, and inhibiting cell migration and invasion. The potential anticancer mechanism for PP121 might be its inhibitory effects on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways in ATC cells. Furthermore, PP121 is effective at suppressing ATC tumor growth in vivo. In summary, our studies suggest that PP121 might be a promising therapeutic compound for ATC treatment, which might shed new light on ATC therapy.

PP121. Expression of PlGF, sFlt, MTF-1, HO-1 and HIF-1 alpha mRNAs in preeclampsia placenta and effect of preeclampsia sera on their expression of choriocarcinoma cells.[Pubmed:26105443]

Pregnancy Hypertens. 2012 Jul;2(3):304-5.

INTRODUCTION: Placenta growth factor (PlGF) is a growth factor originated from placenta. The sFlt-1 is soluble receptor for PlGF and suppresses PlGF function. It has been reported that in preeclampsia, serum level of PlGF decreased and sFlt-1 level increased and that preeclampsia placenta is in hypoxic condition. Metal-responsive transcription factor (MTF)-1, Hemoxigenase 1 (HO-1) and Hypoxia responsive factor -1 (HIF-1) may be induced in hypoxic condition. OBJECTIVES: In order to investigate pathophysiology in preeclampsia, we studied the expression of PlGF, sFlt-1, MTF-1, HO-1 and HIF-1 alpha mRNAs in placenta taken from preeclampsia and the effect of preeclampsia sera on their expression of choriocarcinoma cells and analysed the effect of placental hypoxia and serum factor on the expression of PlGF and sFlt-1 mRNA. METHODS: Placenta and serum samples were taken from preeclampsia and normal pregnancy with informed consent. The choriocarcinoma cells (JEG-3) were cultured in 24-well tissue culture plate. The cells were cultured with preeclampsia and normal pregnant sera. The RNAs were purified from these cells 24h after and placenta. The expressions of these mRNA were measured by using the real time PCR method (Applied Biosystems-7500). RESULTS: The expression of PlGF mRNA decreased and that of sFlt-1mRNA increased in preeclampsia placenta. The expression of MTF-1 and HO-1 mRNA decreased. The correlation was found between the expression of PlGF and MTF-1 mRNA, PlGF and HO-1 mRNA and sFlt-1 and HO-1mRNA. Moreover, expression of sFlt-1mRNA increased and HO-1mRNA decreased in JEG-3 cells after incubation of preeclampsia sera. CONCLUSION: The changes of PlGFmRNA in preeclampsia placenta may relate to the expression of MTF-1 and HO-1 mRNA. The changes of sFlt-1mRNA may relate to the expression of HO-1 mRNA and serum factor. Not only hypoxia but also serum factor may play a role of the levels of PlGF and sFlt-1 in preeclampsia placenta.

The anti-esophageal cancer cell activity by a novel tyrosine/phosphoinositide kinase inhibitor PP121.[Pubmed:26235881]

Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015 Sep 11;465(1):137-44.

Here we explored the potential effect of PP121, a novel dual inhibitor of tyrosine and phosphoinositide kinases, against human esophageal cancer cells. We showed that PP121 exerted potent cytotoxic effect in primary (patient-derived) and established (Eca-109, TE-1 and TE-3 lines) esophageal cancer cells, possibly through activating caspase-3-dependnent apoptosis. PP121 was, however, non-cytotoxic to the normal human esophageal epithelial cells (EECs). At the molecular level, we showed that PP121 blocked Akt-mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) activation in esophageal cancer cells, which was restored by introducing a constitutively-active Akt (CA-Akt). Yet, CA-Akt only partly inhibited cytotoxicity by PP121 in Eca-109 cells. Importantly, we showed that PP121 inhibited nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) signaling activation in esophageal cancer cells, which appeared independent of Akt-mTOR blockage. In vivo, oral administration of PP121 remarkably inhibited Eca-109 xenograft growth in nude mice, and significantly improved mice survival. Further, the immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot assays analyzing xenografted tumors showed that PP121 inhibited Akt-mTOR and NFkappaB activations in vivo. Together, we demonstrate that PP121 potently inhibits esophageal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, possibly through concurrently inhibiting Akt-mTOR and NFkappaB signalings.

Targeted polypharmacology: discovery of dual inhibitors of tyrosine and phosphoinositide kinases.[Pubmed:18849971]

Nat Chem Biol. 2008 Nov;4(11):691-9.

The clinical success of multitargeted kinase inhibitors has stimulated efforts to identify promiscuous drugs with optimal selectivity profiles. It remains unclear to what extent such drugs can be rationally designed, particularly for combinations of targets that are structurally divergent. Here we report the systematic discovery of molecules that potently inhibit both tyrosine kinases and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinases, two protein families that are among the most intensely pursued cancer drug targets. Through iterative chemical synthesis, X-ray crystallography and kinome-level biochemical profiling, we identified compounds that inhibit a spectrum of new target combinations in these two families. Crystal structures revealed that the dual selectivity of these molecules is controlled by a hydrophobic pocket conserved in both enzyme classes and accessible through a rotatable bond in the drug skeleton. We show that one compound, PP121, blocks the proliferation of tumor cells by direct inhibition of oncogenic tyrosine kinases and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinases. These molecules demonstrate the feasibility of accessing a chemical space that intersects two families of oncogenes.

PP121 is a multi-targeted kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 10, 60, 12, 14, 2 nM for mTOR, DNK-PK, VEGFR2, Src, PDGFR, respectively.

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