Qc 1

CCL2 and CCL5 driven attraction of CD172a(+) monocytic cells during an equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection in equine nasal mucosa and the impact of two migration inhibitors, rosiglitazone (RSG) and quinacrine (QC).[Pubmed:28241864]

Vet Res. 2017 Feb 27;48(1):14.

Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory disease, abortion and neurological disorders in horses. Besides epithelial cells, CD172a(+) monocytic cells become infected with EHV-1 in the respiratory mucosa and transport the virus from the apical side of the epithelium to the lamina propria en route to the lymph and blood circulation. Whether CD172a(+) monocytic cells are specifically recruited to the infection sites in order to pick up virus is unknown. In our study, equine nasal mucosa explants were inoculated with EHV-1 neurological strains 03P37 and 95P105 or the non-neurological strains 97P70 and 94P247 and the migration of monocytic cells was examined by immunofluorescence. Further, the role of monokines CCL2 and CCL5 was determined and the effect of migration inhibitors rosiglitazone (RSG) or quinacrine was analyzed. It was shown that with neurological strains but not with the non-neurological strains, CD172a(+) cells specifically migrated towards EHV-1 infected regions and that CCL2 and CCL5 were involved. CCL2 started to be expressed in infected epithelial cells at 24 h post-incubation (hpi) and CCL5 at 48 hpi, which corresponded with the CD172a(+) migration. RSG treatment of EHV-1-inoculated equine nasal mucosa had no effect on the virus replication in the epithelium, but decreased the migration of CD172a(+) cells in the lamina propria. Overall, these findings bring new insights in the early pathogenesis of EHV-1 infections, illustrate differences between neurological and non-neurological strains and show the way for EHV-1 treatment.

Nature of E2X2 sigma(4c-6e) of the X---E-E---X type at naphthalene 1,8-positions and model, elucidated by X-ray crystallographic analysis and QC calculations with the QTAIM approach.[Pubmed:28362291]

Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater. 2017 Apr 1;73(Pt 2):265-275.

The nature of E2X2 sigma(4c-6e) of the X-*-E-*-E-*-X type is elucidated for 1-(8-XC10H6)E-E(C10H6X-8')-1' [(1) E, X = S, Cl; (2) S, Br; (3) Se, Cl; (4) Se, Br] after structural determination of (1), (3) and (4), together with model A [MeX---E(H)-E(H)---XMe (E = S and Se; X = Cl and Br)]. The quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules dual functional analysis (QTAIM-DFA) is applied. The total electron energy densities Hb(rc) are plotted versus Hb(rc) - Vb(rc)/2 for the interactions at the bond critical points (BCPs; *), where Vb(rc) show the potential energy densities at the BCPs. Data for the perturbed structures around the fully optimized structures are employed for the plots, in addition to those of the fully optimized structures. The plots were analysed using the polar coordinate (R, theta) representation of the data of the fully optimized structures. Data containing the perturbed structures were analysed by (thetap, kappap), where thetap corresponds to the tangent line of the plot and kappap is the curvature. Whereas (R, theta) shows the static nature, (thetap, kappap) represents the dynamic nature of interactions. E-*-E are all classified as shared shell (S) interactions for (1)-(4) and as weak covalent (Cov-w) in nature (S/Cov-w). The nature of pure CS (closed shell)/typical-HB (hydrogen bond) with no covalency is predicted for E-*-X in (1) and (3), regular CS/typical-HB nature with covalency is predicted for (4), and an intermediate nature is predicted for (2). The NBO energies evaluated for E-*-X in (1)-(4) are substantially larger than those in model A due the shortened length at the naphthalene 1,8-positions. The nature of E2X2 of sigma(4c-6e) is well elucidated via QTAIM-DFA.

Should I repeat my 1:2s QC rejection?[Pubmed:22357876]

Clin Chem. 2012 May;58(5):925-9.

BACKGROUND: Repeating a QC that is outside 2SD from the mean (1:2s rule) appears to be a common practice. Although this form of repeat sampling is frowned on by many, the comparative power of the approach has not been formally evaluated. METHODS: We computed power functions mathematically and by computer simulation for 4 different 1:2s repeat-sampling strategies, as well as the 1:2s rule, the 1:3s rule, and 2 common QC multirules. RESULTS: The false-rejection rates for the repeat-sampling strategies were similarly low to those of the 1:3s QC rule. The error detection rates for the repeat-sampling strategies approached those of the 1:2s QC rule for moderate to large out-of-control error conditions. In most cases, the power of the repeat-sampling strategies was superior to the power of the QC multirules we evaluated. The increase in QC utilization rate ranged from 4% to 13% for the repeat-sampling strategies investigated. CONCLUSIONS: The repeat-sampling strategies provide an effective tactic to take advantage of the desirable properties of both the 1:2s and 1:3s QC rules. Additionally, the power of the repeat-sampling strategies compares favorably with the power of 2 common QC multirules. These improvements come with a modest increase in the average number of controls tested.

Linear Four-Chalcogen Interactions in Radical Cationic and Dicationic Dimers of 1,5-(Dichalcogena)canes: Nature of the Interactions Elucidated by QTAIM Dual Functional Analysis with QC Calculations.[Pubmed:28257204]

J Phys Chem A. 2017 Mar 30;121(12):2482-2496.

The dynamic and static nature of extended hypervalent interactions of the (B)E...(A)E...(A)E...(B)E type are elucidated for four center-seven electron interactions (4c-7e) in the radical cationic dimers (1.(+)) and 4c-6e in the dicationic dimers (1(2+)) of 1,5-(dichalcogena)canes (2: (A)E(CH2CH2CH2)2(B)E: (A)E, (B)E = S, Se, Te, and O). The quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules dual functional analysis (QTAIM-DFA) is applied for the analysis. Total electron energy densities Hb(rc) are plotted versus Hb(rc) - Vb(rc)/2 [= (variant Planck's over 2pi(2)/8m)nabla(2)rhob(rc)] at bond critical points (BCPs) of the interactions, where Vb(rc) values show potential energy densities at BCPs. Data from the fully optimized structures correspond to the static nature of the interactions. Those from the perturbed structures around the fully optimized ones are also plotted, in addition to those of the fully optimized ones, which represent the dynamic nature of interactions. The (B)E...(A)E-(A)E...(B)E interactions in 1(2+) are stronger than the corresponding ones in 1.(+), respectively. On the one hand, for 1(2+) with (A)E, (B)E = S, Se, and Te, (A)E...(A)E are all classified by the shared shell interactions and predicted to have the weak covalent nature, except for those in 1a(2+) ((A)E = (B)E = S) and 1d(2+) ((A)E = (B)E = Se), which have the nature of regular closed shell (r-CS)/trigonal bipyramidal adduct formation through charge transfer (CT-TBP). On the other hand, (A)E...(B)E are predicted to have the nature of r-CS/molecular complex formation through charge transfer for 1a(2+), 1b(2+) ((A)E = Se; (B)E = S), and 1d(2+) or r-CS/CT-TBP for 1c(2+) ((A)E = Te; (B)E = S), 1e(2+) ((A)E = Te; (B)E = Se), and 1f(2+) ((A)E = (B)E = Te). The (B)E...(A)E-(A)E...(B)E interactions in 1.(+) and 1(2+) are well-analyzed by applying QTAIM-DFA.

Targeted killing of a mammalian cell based upon its specialized metabolic state.[Pubmed:21896756]

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Sep 20;108(38):15828-33.

Mouse ES cells use a mitochondrial threonine dehydrogenase (TDH) enzyme to catabolize threonine into glycine and acetyl-CoA. Measurements of mRNA abundance have given evidence that ES cells express upwards of 1,000-fold higher levels of TDH mRNA than any of seven other mouse tissues tested. When cell culture medium is deprived of threonine, ES cells rapidly discontinue DNA synthesis, arrest cell division, and eventually die. Such studies led to the conclusion that mouse ES cells exist in a threonine-dependent metabolic state. Proceeding with the assumption that the active TDH enzyme should be essential for the growth and viability of mouse ES cells, we performed a drug screen in search of specific inhibitors of the purified TDH enzyme. Such efforts led to the discovery of a class of quinazolinecarboxamide (Qc) compounds that inhibit the ability of the TDH enzyme to catabolize threonine into glycine and acetyl-CoA. Administration of Qc inhibitors of TDH to mouse ES cells impeded cell growth and resulted in the induction of autophagy. By contrast, the same chemicals failed to affect the growth of HeLa cells at concentrations 300-fold higher than that required to kill mouse ES cells. It was likewise observed that the Qc class of TDH inhibitors failed to affect the growth or viability of ES cell-derived embryoid body cells known to have extinguished TDH expression. These studies demonstrate how it is possible to kill a specific mammalian cell type on the basis of its specialized metabolic state.