XCT790

XCT790 is an inverse agonist of Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) with IC50 value of 0.37μM [1].

XCT790 is a first and selective inverse agonist of ERRα. It does not significantly inhibit ERRγ, ERα and ERβ below 10μM. XCT790 is proved to bind ERRα within LBD [1].

As an agonist of ERRα, XCT790 is found to decrease mitochondrial masses as well as affect the mitochondrial membrane potential, results in a subsequent function dysregulation of mitochondrial. XCT790 also reduces the expression level of PGC-1α which is a coactivator of ERRα to regulate mitochondrial biogenesis. Additionally, XCT790 can induce cell death in human hepatocarcinoma cell lines. It reduces the viabilities of HepG2 and its MDR cell line R-HepG2, MES-SA/DX5 and MES-SA in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanism of causing cell death is that XCT790 induces apoptosis through inducing ROS and subsequent caspases activation [2].

References:
[1] Lu X, Peng L, Lv M, ding K. Recent advance in the design of small molecular modulators of estrogen-related receptors. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18(23):3421-31.
[2] Wu F, Wang J, Wang Y, Kwok TT, Kong SK, Wong C. Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRalpha) inverse agonist XCT-790 induces cell death in chemotherapeutic resistant cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact. 2009 Oct 7;181(2):236-42.

Potentiation of ICI182,780 (Fulvestrant)-induced estrogen receptor-alpha degradation by the estrogen receptor-related receptor-alpha inverse agonist XCT790.[Pubmed:17631492]

J Biol Chem. 2007 Sep 28;282(39):28328-34.

ICI182,780 (Fulvestrant) is a pure anti-estrogen used in adjuvant therapies of breast cancer. This compound not only inhibits the transcriptional activities of the estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha) but also induces its proteasome-dependent degradation. The latter activity is believed to be required for the antiproliferative effects of ICI182,780. Estrogen receptor-related receptor-alpha (ERR alpha) is an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that is expressed in a wide range of tissues including breast tumors, in which its high expression correlates with poor prognosis. Although not regulated by any natural ligand, ERR alpha can be deactivated by the synthetic molecule XCT790. Here we demonstrate that this compound also induces a proteasome degradation of ERR alpha. We also show that although it does not act directly on the steady-state level of ER alpha, XCT790 potentiates the ICI182,780-induced ER alpha degradation. We suggest that treatment with XCT790 could thus enhance the efficacy of ICI182,780 in ER alpha-dependent pathologies such as breast cancer.

[XCT790 inhibits rat vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation through down-regulating the expression of estrogen-related receptor alpha].[Pubmed:24761608]

Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2014 Feb;49(2):190-7.

Abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays an important role in several pathological processes of cardiovascular diseases. In this study, the effects of XCT790, a potent and selective inverse agonist of estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRalpha), on rat VSMCs proliferation and related signal pathways were investigated. The proliferative activity of VSMCs was determined by CCK-8 assay. The mRNA levels of ERRalpha, PGC-1alpha, OPN and MCAD were assayed by RT-PCR. The protein levels of ERRalpha, ERK2 and p-ERK1/2 were evaluated by Western blotting. ELISA was used to assess the protein expression of VEGF. The results showed that XCT790 (5-20 micromol x L(-1)) inhibited rat VSMCs proliferation, and the expression of ERRalpha and its target genes, as well as p-ERK1/2, were also inhibited. XCT790 inhibited VSMCs proliferation in a dose-dependent manner at the dose range from 5 to 20 micromol x L(-1) and in a time-dependent manner at the dose range from 10 to 20 micromol x L(-1). These findings demonstrate that XCT790 inhibits rat VSMCs proliferation by down-regulating the gene level of ERRalpha and thus inhibiting the ERK signal pathway, suggesting that ERRalpha may be a novel potential target for therapeutic approaches to inhibit VSMCs proliferation, which plays an important role in several cardiovascular diseases.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha enhances antiproliferative activity of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine in cancer cells through induction of uridine phosphorylase.[Pubmed:19602572]

Mol Pharmacol. 2009 Oct;76(4):854-60.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) is capable of coactivating several nuclear receptors and transcription factors that participate in the regulation of multiple metabolic processes, including gluconeogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, and adaptive thermogenesis. Uridine phosphorylase (UPase) catalyzes the reversible conversion of uridine into uracil and contributes to the antineoplastic activity of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR) and homeostasis of uridine levels in plasma and tissues. This study demonstrates uridine phosphorylase as a novel target gene of PGC-1alpha, which induces the transcription and enzymatic activity of UPase in various cancer cells and thus augments their susceptibility to 5'-DFUR. PGC-1alpha-induced activation of UPase expression occurs at its transcription level that is mediated by an estrogen-related receptor (ERR) binding site (-1078 to -1070 base pairs) mapped in the promoter region of UPase gene. Our mutational studies using luciferase reporter construct together with electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirm the binding of ERR to PGC-1alpha-responsive element. Moreover, the inhibition of PGC-1alpha/ERRalpha-dependent signaling by 3-[4-(2,4-bis-trifluoromethylbenzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl]-2-cyano-N-(5-trifluorome thyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acrylamide (XCT790) compromises the ability of PGC-1alpha to induce the transcript of UPase, indicating PGC-1alpha-dependent and ERRalpha-mediated up-regulation of UPase. Finally, the overexpression of PGC-1alpha sensitizes breast and colon cancer cells to growth inhibition by 5'-DFUR presumably by inducing apoptosis in tumor cells and XCT790 can inhibit the process. Taken together, our results corroborate the regulatory function of PGC-1alpha in uridine homeostasis and imply its links with the energy metabolism. The mechanistic elucidation of this association between both cellular pathways should advance the clinical use of 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy.

XCT-790 is a potent and selective inverse agonist for ERRα with an IC50 value of 0.37 μM. XCT-790 induces cell death in chemotherapeutic resistant cancer cells. XCT-790 (Compound 12) is inactive against ERRγ and the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ.

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